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Resources » Articles/Knowledge Sharing » Health »
Viral infection
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VIRAL INFECTION
GENITAL WARTS:
Genital warts are caused by the human papillomavirus types 6 and 11.Transmission is most often by sexual contact,although infants and young children may develop laryngeal papillomas after being infected from maternal genital warts at delivery. Diagnoses of first attack genital warts have risen substantially in the UK over the past 10 years,with the highest rates seen in females aged between 16 and 24 years.Genital warts may cause some physical discomfort,but they are also disfiguring and psychologically distressing,which some patients feel is the worst aspect of the disease.In pregnancy they may dramatically increase in size and appear like cauliflower-like masses,although they usually diminish in size following delivery.Occasionally the can obstruct a vaginal delivery therefore a caesarean section would be indicated.
HEPATITIS B VIRUS(HBV)
HBV infection is a major public health problem worldwide and is an important cause of morbidity from acute infection and chronic sequelae that include chronic active hepatitis,cirrhosis and primar liver cancer.HBV can be transmitted sexually or parentally through infected blood or blood products.Body fluids such as saliva, menstrual and vaginal discharges,serous,exidates,seminal fluid and breast milk have been implicated in the spread of infection,but invectively is largely related to blood and body fluids contaminated with blood.It can be transmitted by means of unsterilized equipment such as may occur in injecting drug-users-sharing needles and syringes,tattooing or acupuncture,or as a consequence of needle-stick injury in health care workers.Ventical transmission is a major node of transmission occurring most frequently prenatally.Acute HBV infection during pregnancy is associated with an increased rate of spontaneous absorption and preterm labor.There are usually two phases of symptoms:the prodromal phase characterized by flu-like symptoms,followed by the icteric phase characterized by jaundice,anorexia,nausea and fatigue.The infection may be asymptomatic in 10-50% of adults in the acute phase and in virtually all infants and children.If chronic infection occurs there are often no physical signs but there may be signs of chronic liver disease.
HEPATITIS C VIRUS(HCV)
HCV infection is another type of viral hepatitis,that occurs through out the world.The principal route to transmission is by percutaneous inculcation,blood and blood products.The prevalence varies in the UK from 0.06% in blood donors to over 60% in intravenous drug users.Until the screening of blood donors was introduced in the UK in 1991.Hepatitis C,accounted for the vast majority of non-A,non-B post-transmission hepatitis.The incidence of transmission by sexual contacts is low.Vertical transmission is low occurring at 5% or less,but higher rates are seen if the mothers is HIV and HCV positive.At present,there are is no known way of reducing the risk of vertical transmission.There is no firm evidence that breastfeeding constitutes additional risk of transmission unless the mother is symptomatic with a high viral load.
HEPATITIS SIMPLEX VIRUS(HSV)
There are two types of HSV: HSV-1 and HSV-2.HSV-1 cause the majority of orolabial infection,and is often acquired during childhood through direct physical contact with oral secretions.HSV-2 is the most common cause of genital herpes and is sexually transmitted via genital secretions.Infections may be primary or non-primary.Once infected,the virus remains in the individual for life,causing recurrent infection.Prior infection with HSV-1 modifies the clinical manifestation of first infection by HSV-2.The incidence of HSV infection depends on factors such as age,duration of sexual activity,number of sexual partners,socioeconomic status,previous genital infections and race.In adults,HSV infection may be asymptomatic,but painful,vesicular or ulcerative lesions of the skin and mucous membrane occur frequently.Dysuria and vaginal or urethral discharge may also occur.There may be systematic symptoms of fever and myalgia.Symptoms are more common in primary infection.
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