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Resources » Articles/Knowledge Sharing » General »
Designers - MARCEL BREUR – Berlin
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MARCEL BREUR – Berlin, Germany 1902 – 1981
Marcel Breuer was born in Pecs, Hungary in 1902. He studied at Pecs, and later trained at the Bauhaus. Breuer died in New York in 1981.
Breur was an architect and designer,and he considered as one of the fathers of Modernism, Breuer showed a great interest in modular construction and simple forms. Breuer helped to develop modular or unit construction.
Breuer has designed at the time in which they are specially compared by creating very impressive buildings and chairs which were highly innovative. His early architectural designs are supposed to have been the ones where he was set free to design just by himself and thus became hot-bed of his creativity.
Marcel Breuer belongs to the Bauhaus, Germany which is an institution for training and research of architecture, craft and design.
Armchair,1922 :The structure of the chair is so that it has reduced the spinal pressure in which he has used wood frame which is angled back and seat rests.Theo Doesburg – an exponent of De Stijl - had visited the Bauhaus several times in the early 1920s.Breuer's chair was proved to be an early and successful example of the School's needs and it has created designs for mass production.
Armchair and Dressing table with movable mirror
 
Breuer was an influential teacher of and practitioner in furniture design. His furniture designs had a manufacturing context. During the years of teaching and designing at the Bauhaus, Breuer did experiments with extruded steel to create a series of metal furniture's.
“Marcel Breuer and Mart Stam, evolved, in the Bauhaus factory workshops, tubular-steel chair designs as models for standardized mass-production; these had cantilevered overhangs and an airy and lightweight appearance in tune with Gropius’s general ideal of finding forms which symbolized the modern world’.” (1996. William Curtis, Modern Architecture Since 1900)
During his sojourn at the Bauhaus he designed a range of the tubular-steel furniture collection.
‘Wassily’Chair:1925. designed with Mart Stam Material: Frame in polished chrome plated steel tube, seat and back in canvas H.301/4” (76.8cms), W.301/4” (76.8cms), D.263/4” (67.9cms). The frame of the chair was made from nickelled steel which is in tabular type, but due to is structural problems and less resistant to corrosion he has shifted to chrome plated. The seat came in the type of canvas and material used was fabric or leather. Breuer wanted a bicycle factory when he set ready to produce his ‘Wassilyt’ chair; for he was inspired by the shape and form of a bicycle handlebars in designing the chair.
The Wassily Chair is one of Marcel Breuer’s most famous and is probably one of the favourite pieces of furniture of the time. It came known as the "Wassily" chair, in homage to Breuer's friend and fellow Bauhaus instructor, the Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky. A comment from a blog: ‘It’s a chair that almost looks like it’s not going to support you, that you will have to sit strangely in, that will feel odd once you are somehow sitting in it and yet, for most that’s not so.’
Breuer was still an apprentice at the Bauhaus when he conceived this Wassily armchair which is the first chair ever made of bent steel tubing. Inspired by the flexibility and strength of his beloved metal bicycle frame, Breuer applied the same material and construction principles to chair design. The taut, un-upholstered seat, back, and armrests of simple black canvas contribute to the stark, dematerialized appearance of the chair. While this iconic chair design remains closely associated with the Bauhaus, and was used in several areas of the Bauhaus Dessau, Breuer developed and manufactured it in his free time, independent from the School responsibilities.
The Wassliy Chair has clean lines and a creative design. The chair lends itself well to an environment that is simple and streamlined; it has the modern sensibility. Knoll was the licensed manufacturer of Wassily Chair.
Cesca cantilevered chair
 
After the First World War stainless steel became widely available, and the strong metal allowed Breuer to create the Cesca cantilevered chair.
S285Desk
Desk, top 108 x 72 cm, 2.5 cm thick, corpus with central locking, round tubular frame 25 x 2 mm
Laccio table _ chrome steel and laminate
 
From 1932 to 1934, Breuer deigned flat bands of steel and aluminium. The furniture was manufactured and sold by the Wohnbedarf company.
In 1935 Breuer moves to England.
Historically it was a time when modernism in British design – architecture, furniture etc. - was robustly formulated and has been built around a number of key individuals and exemplars, which included also a number of European modernist emigres. There was an established international canon of ‘taste’ in the 1950s.Venesta Plywood and Isokon were two important furniture companies of the time.
In London Breuer worked with the architect F.R.S.York, with whom he designed the Gane pavilion in Bristol. He also starts designing, along with Gropius plywood furniture for the Isokon furniture company owned by Jack Pritchard, one of the few British firms truly devoted to Modernism. In 1937 he moves on to the United States of America.
When Breuer was employed at the Jack Pritchard's Company Isokon he designed and made five plywood pieces of furniture. These were a plywood version of his earlier metal designs.
“Short Chair”1935; London, England
Chaise lounge laquered, moulded wood and fabric1935
Sofa, 1936When Breuer designed his sofa in 1936 he specifically had in mind the apartment of Dora Ventris in Highpoint - Berthold Lubetkin's famous modernist building. Isokon subsequently produced this sofa as a prototype.
The design of these chairs was influenced by the work of Alvar Aalto. Aalto had designed and made plywood furniture and exhibited in Britain in 1933.
In 1937 Breuer moved on to the United States of America and ultimately joined Gropius in on the faculty of Harvard university and practiced architecture with him. Breuer’s buildings show an innovative way in which the concrete has been used. The building looks like it has been sculptured out of one complete block of concrete. After he left this partnership in 1941, his reputation steadily grew to a position of world renown.
Marcel Breuer had created many furniture designs that have become classics.
Sources : Jonathan Woodham : Twentieth Century Design;
William Curtis: Modern Architecture Since 1900
www.movemodern.com ; www.metmus.org
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