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Resources » Articles/Knowledge Sharing » Health »
Hypertension-Description, Diagnosis, Symptoms, Complications,Causes,Primary & Secondary hypertension
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Hypertension
Arterial hypertension (HTA) or hypertension (HBP) is a disease more prevalent in the modern world is characterized by increased blood pressure, measured with a sphygmomanometer (pressure unit), with the causes of heredity, the obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, alcohol, stress and others (see Causes of Hypertension below). Its incidence increases with age. In Brazil, it is estimated that one in five people is a carrier of the disease. Hypertension is six times more frequent in middle-aged and elderly than in young people, however, some children or young adults may have hypertension if you have any heart problem or blood from birth.
Description
Hypertension occurs when the levels of blood pressure are above the reference values for the general population. For the World Health Organization (WHO) accepted values are: 120x80mmHg, in which blood pressure is considered optimal and 130x85mmHg being considered borderline. Mean pressure over 140/90mmHg denote Hypertension. As the IV Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, includes in stages: 1 (mild - 140/90mmHg and 159x99mmHg), 2 (moderate - 160x100mmHg and 179x109mmHg) and 3 (severe - up 180x110mmHg). Any person may have blood pressure above 140/90mmHg without it being considered hypertensive. Only the maintenance of persistently high levels in multiple measurements at different times and locations and conditions (resting, sitting or lying) characterizes hypertension. This increases the risk of future cardiovascular problems, such as acute myocardial infarction and stroke type Brain, for example. The possibility of these problems is log-linear, ie, grows continuously in a logarithmic scale.
Arterial Hypertension of White Apron
Hypertension is the White-coat the situation in which the mean blood pressure determined by ambulatory blood pressure (MAP) or monitoring of blood pressure (HBPM) is normal and blood pressure measurement in medical consultation is high.
Masked Hypertension
Masked Hypertension ‘or white-coat normotension’ is the situation in which the mean blood pressure determined by ABPM or HBPM is high and blood pressure measurement in medical consultation is normal.
Diagnosis
A sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope, equipment used for measuring blood pressure.
The blood pressure measurement should be performed only with reliable equipment. To measure it, the work involves a patient's arm with a sphygmomanometer, which is nothing more than a wide belt with a tire attached to an internal pump and a manual inflation gauge the pressure. By inflating pump, tire fills with air and causes a pressure on the arm of the patient; pressure is monitored on the meter. A stethoscope is placed over the brachial artery (which is on the inside of the elbow). With the cuff inflated and the artery will increase the pressure and will not pass blood in the brachial artery. There will be some noise to the stethoscope. Releases, then the output of the air pump, slowly and observing the fall of the mercury in the meter. When the artery is no longer fully Reissner a small stream of blood starts its passage through the artery causing a splash in noise (flow turbilionar). At this point it is noted the maximum pressure (systolic). The noise will continue until the blood to pass freely through the artery, without any type of tourniquet (laminar flow). It is the meter now and have the minimum pressure (diastolic pressure). In general, the pressure measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and a normal diastolic pressure (minimum) between 60 and 80 mmHg (6 to 8 cmHg) and systolic blood pressure between 110 and 140 mmHg (11 to 14 cmHg) (cmHg = inches of mercury).
Symptoms
Hypertension is considered a silent disease, because in most cases are not observed any symptoms in the patient. When these occur, are vague and common to other diseases, such as headache, dizziness, fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath and nosebleeds. This lack of symptoms may make the patient forget to take your medicine or even question its necessity, which leads to many complications.
Complications
The continued increase in blood pressure causes blood vessel damage occurring in various parts of the living organism. Hypertension is a risk factor for atherosclerosis. As any artery in the body can be blocked by atherosclerosis, almost all organs may change due to hypertension, are frequent:
• The heart - the Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
• In the brain - the cerebral vascular accident (CVA).
• The kidneys - renal failure.
• The eyes - decreased vision and retinal problems.
Causes
Primary hypertension. In most cases Hypertension is considered essential, that is, it is a disease in itself. In 95% Of cases the cause of the disease is unknown. In these patients there is increased stiffness of arterial walls, a fact that is favored by genetic inheritance in 70% of cases. For this reason, you must check the patient's family background, as if their parents or close relatives are hypertensive, it is most likely to develop the disease.
Secondary hypertension. Occurs when a particular causal factor predominates over the other, while others may be present.
1. Has Disease of the renal parenchyma.
2. Renovascular hypertension. Renovascular hypertension is caused by a problem in the renal arteries. In order reaction, the affected kidney produces hypertensive substances. The correction of renal disease can lower blood pressure.
3. Hypertension by primary aldosteronism.
4. Hypertension related to pregnancy.
5. Has related to the use of Medicines.
• Has related to the use of anti-conception.
• Hypertension related to the use of corticosteroids.
• Has related to the use of anti-inflammatory.
6. Hypertension related to pheochromocytoma. Pheochromocytoma is a tumor that produces substances vasoconstrictors that increase blood pressure, produce tachycardia, headache and sweating. The removal of this tumor may decrease blood pressure.
7. Hypertension related to other causes.
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