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Resources » Articles/Knowledge Sharing » Syllabus »
BHARATHIYAR UNIVERSITY Syllabus English Paper-I Unit-1 Text 2007-08 Only
|
POETRY: WARMING UP
We begin our study of the paper with poetry, as the humankind first sought to
remember and store thoughts, feelings, emotions, experiences, events and incidents in VERSE.
Poetry pierces through the normal awareness states and appeals to the deeper recesses of
human consciousness. It is called musical representation of thought/idea. It captures
emotionally intense moments, aesthetic feelings, reflective/philosophical moods and
comic/playful moods as well. Whatever be mode and manner, poetry intrinsically must possess
concentration.
Reading poetry then engages our faculties in totality. If we care to look at how we
operate in life, it will be found that we are either in the rational or in the emotional mode. Not
often do we catch us operating in the two modes at the same time. Our ability to balance reason
and emotion holds the key to academic, professional success as increasingly proved by
researches in human resource and communication. So plunge into the poems as a responsive
person and develop as many responses as possible. For, learning is basically about forming
responses. More the responses, more the complexity and intelligence. And more, when you
have responses and know that you have them, thoughts genuinely yours occur. When thoughts
thus develop, the urge to communicate them will also increase. Hence, the start with poetry.
The learning design for the three poems is intended not much to teach but enable you
to get into the experience there. It prompts you to recognize and identity poetic techniques,
devices employed. The exercises, besides helping comprehension, will also enable you to
reflect on your learning. You must be well aware (the caption is all over the academia and the
media) that ‘learning to learn’ has become an allimportant
mantra.
LUCY GRAY
by
William Wordsworth
Get ready
Into the groove
Tales, stories have never failed to fascinate us. We may think we have grown up
enough not to be interested in stories. But is that the case? No, age doesn’t matter. Tales well
told will grip and hold us spell bound. Have you ever reflected on how tales take hold of you?
The emotion is so strong that you start experiencing it and respond with emotions of your own.
Tales and stories, be it in prose or verse, show us our own emotions. As readers and listeners of
tales we have felt pity, fear, anger, disapproval etc. Here is one such tale in verse. Read it and
find out what it does to you.
Focus
Do you think that loss of child is the most tragic of all experiences?
To what extent does the circumstances of the loss of child influence the tragic intensity?.
Have you seen parents grieving over lost child?
Recall to your mind any such incident you came across.
If not, you may remember scenes from movies depicting such an incident.
Find out
Form groups of four and tabulate your answers.
Serial No. Name of Student Incidents Circumstances Responses
Discuss
Choose your group leader to make the presentation.
LUCY GRAY
Oft I had heard of Lucy Gray:
And, when I crossed the wild,
I chanced to see at break of day
The solitary child.
No mate, no comrade Lucy knew;
She dwelt on a wide moor,
The
sweetest thing that ever grew
Beside a human door!
You yet may spy the fawn at play,
The hare upon the green;
But the sweet face of Lucy Gray
Will never more be seen.
"Tonight
will be a stormy night
You to the town must go;
And take a lantern, Child, to light
Your mother through the snow."
"That, Father! will I gladly do:
'Tis scarcely afternoon
The minsterclock
has just struck two,
And yonder is the moon!"
At this the Father raised his hook,
And snapped a faggotband
;
He plied his work;and
Lucy took
The lantern in her hand.
Not blither is the mountain roe:
With many a wanton stroke
Her feet disperse the powdery snow,
That rises up like smoke.
The storm came on before its time:
She wandered up and down;
And many a hill did Lucy climb:
But never reached the town.
The wretched parents all that night
Went shouting far and wide;
But there was neither sound nor sight
To serve them for a guide.
At daybreak
on a hill they stood
That overlooked the moor;
And thence they saw the bridge of wood,
A furlong from their door.
They weptand,
turning homeward, cried,
"In heaven we all shall meet;"
When
in the snow the mother spied
The print of Lucy's feet.
Then downwards from the steep hill's edge
They tracked the footmarks small;
And through the broken hawthorn hedge,
And by the long stonewall
;
And then an open field they crossed:
The marks were still the same;
They tracked them on, nor ever lost;
And to the bridge they came.
They followed from the snowy bank
Those footmarks, one by one,
Into the middle of the plank;
And further there were none!
Yet
some maintain that to this day
She is a living child;
That you may see sweet Lucy Gray
Upon the lonesome wild.
O'er rough and smooth she trips along,
And never looks behind;
And sings a solitary song
That whistles in the wind.
The Author
William Wordsworth( 17701850)
was the leading poet during the Romantic age in English
literature. He is known as a nature poet as his poetry deals with nature and its kinship with the
human soul. He took a keen interest in depicting the lives of simple, rustic people.
The Text
‘Lucy Gray’, one of the Lucy poems, is a deeply moving piece. It is about an innocent girl who
loses her way in a storm while looking for her mother. The innocence set against the violence
of the storm enhances the pathos of the poem. One can’t resist feeling sadness while reading
the poem. Towards the end of the poem, the poet lends a supernatural touch by mentioning the
belief of the people that Lucy Gray is still alive. The strange, violent storm, the frantic search
by the parents and the desolate landscape all these contribute the moving power of the poem.
Look up
solitary : without other people
mate : a friend
comrade : a friend
moor : a high open area of land not used for farming,
covered with rough grass
fawn : a deer less than one year old
hare : an animal like a large rabbit with very strong
back legs, that can run very fast
green : a area of grass, especially in the middle of a
village or town
lantern : a lamp in a container, often with a metal case with
glass sides and handle
scarcely : almost not
minsterclock
: church clock
snapped : broke
faggotband
: band holding together a bunch of sticks tied
together and for burning on a fire
plied : continued to do his work
blither : happy and free
roe : a small deer
wanton : usually means causing harm for no reason
but here suggestive of carefree attitude, freedom
disperse : to cause something to go away in different
directions
wretched : making you feel sympathy or pity
furlong : a distance of 201 metres; one eight of a mile
spied : suddenly saw or noticed
hawthorn : a small tree or bush, prickly with white or
pink flowers and small dark red berries
called haws
hedge : a row of bushes or small tress planted close
together usually along the edge of a field
tracked : followed
plank : long, narrow wooden piece to make the floor
of the bridge
lonesome : far away from where people live, where
people very rarely go
wild : a natural environment not controlled by people
Get it right
Say whether True or False
1. Lucy Gray had lots of companions to play with.
Choose the correct answer
2. In the lines “The sweetest thing that ever grew
beside a human door”
“ the sweetest thing” refers to
a) the fawn b) a fruit tree c) Lucy Gray d) a flower)
Say True or False
3. Lucy Gray goes to the town to guide her mother back with light.__________________
Answer the question
4. What does Lucy Gray carry in her hand?
_____________________________________________
Say True or False
5. Lucy Gray is reluctant to go to the town.
_______________
6. Lucy Gray walked very slowly on her way to the town.
________________________
7. The storm came later than expected.
_____________________________________
8. Lucy climbed many hills.
_____________________________________
9. Lucy’s mother reached home.
_____________________________________
10. Lucy never reached the town.
_____________________________________
11. Where did Lucy’s parents see the bridge of wood?
_____________________________________
12. What should be inferred from the words of the parents “ in heaven we all shall meet.”
_____________________________________
13. Where did Lucy’s footmarks end?
_____________________________________
14. Where do people still see Lucy Gray?
_____________________________________
Put it together
Arrange the sentences in the proper word order
1. chanced to see I at break of day the child solitary.
2. knew Lucy mate no comrade no
3. sweet Gray Lucy see you may lonesome wild upon the
4. song and sings solitary a
Spot it
1. Make pairs of words clubbing the last words of the first and third lines, and the second
and fourth lines.
What do you see?
Read the poem aloud and find the sound effect created by the repetition of identical
sounds.
2. Read the lines “ the sweetest thing that ever grew
Beside a human door.”
What suggestion is effected by the verb ‘grew.’
3. Read the following stanza and visualize. Identify the visual words.
Not blither is the mountain roe:
With many a wanton stroke
Her feet disperse the powdery snow,
That rises up like smoke.
On Your Own
1. Explain how the note of loneliness dominates the poem.
2. We associate lonely people with dullness of movement and sadness. But in Lucy Gray,
a solitary child, there is energy, vitality and gladness. Think on this and develop your
own ideas on how the poet achieves this unusual combination.
THE ROAD NOT TAKEN
by
Robert Frost
Get ready
Into the groove
Choices, decisions. Can anyone escape them in the journey called life? We arrive at forks,
intersections in life when a choice or decision has to be made. Whether to take up a job or
continue studies? Whether to get married or take up higher studies? Whether to study a
science subject or an arts subject? Whether to stay in your small town or move to the city?
Endless, isn’t it? At such times, you would agree, that we always try to delay the choice or
decision. But this delaying, procrastination must stop and a choice made. We make our
choice and go through life. But are we totally content with our choice? We always think
back and wonder whether choosing the alternative would have made our life better. Next
time when your parents have an argument, look for the “ what could have beens” they bring
into it, regretting over choices made and those that were not. It is a fundamental condition
of human life everyone must undergo. You face choices, hesitate and delay, make one and
then doubt the one made and sigh about the one not made.
Sometimes the choice is determined by the fact that not many have opted for it earlier. The
impulse to explore decides the selection of a comparatively untrodden path. But, can such a
choice give us a sense of fulfillment?
Focus
When having to make a choice do you make it immediately or take time? Why?
We feel a sense of fear and anxiety before making important decisions. How do you
manage these?
Find out
Serial No. Name of
Student
On what the
choice/decisi
on had to be
made
Instantly
made choice
Took time to
make the choice
Avoided and
never made the
choice
Discuss
Choose your group leader to make the presentation.
THE ROAD NOT TAKEN
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
Then took the other, as just as fair,
And having perhaps the better claim,
Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
Though as for that the passing there
Had worn them really about the same,
And both that morning equally lay
In leaves no step had trodden black.
Oh, I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way,
I doubted if I should ever come back.
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
The Author
Robert Frost (18741963)
was one of the most popular poets during his time. He was a farmer
poet and this explains why nature dominates his poetry. Moving to England at the age of 38, he
established himself as a poet with A Boy’s Will ( 1913) and North of Boston ( 1914). He
returned to the United States in 1915 to continue his vocation. A much celebrated poet, he was
often called the country’s unofficial poet laureate. He won the Pulitzer prize four times. We
know him better for his poem “ Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening” the last four
lines of which were the favourite of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. ‘Birches,’ ‘Mending Walls,’
‘Apple Picking,’ ‘Home Burial’ and ‘ The Gift Outright’ are some of his notable poems. A
traditionalist in rhyme and metre, Frost dismissed experimentation and free verse as playing
tennis with the nets down.
The Text
‘The Road not Taken’ is a much debated poem. It has given rise to various explanations and
interpretations. The fact that it has fired human minds in such varied ways demonstrates the
depth and richness of the poem. It refuses to allow itself to be bound by any one meaning. The
poem so far has been interpreted as
· representing spiritual choices of the soul
· warning against procrastination of goals
· a satirical reflection of life
· not celebrating independent choices
· underlining the difficulty of having to make a choice at all
· a statement of the poet’s desire to travel the two roads
· a message to take pride in the chosen path etc.
But we can generally agree that the poem is about “ nature of choice, of decision, of how to go
in one direction rather than another and how to feel about the direction you took and didn’t
take.” In short, Frost wants us to take a closer look at these thoughtenabling,
thought
producing moments that call for deep reflection.
Look up
a) diverged : separated
b) wood : an area of land, smaller than a forest, covered
with growing trees
c) undergrowth : a dense growth of shrubs and plants
d) wanted wear : not used
e) trodden : used, walked on
Get it right
Fill in the blanks with the correct words
Two roads _________ in a ___________ wood ( diverged, yellow/ met, thick)
Say True or False
1. The poet wanted to travel both the roads._________
2. The poet did not look at the road not chosen.____________
3. The poet looked at the road not chosen as far as he could.__________
4. The road not chosen led to a huge plain._________
Choose the correct answer
5. The road chosen had better claim because it
a. was wide
b. was filled with light
c. led to a coffee shop
d. was not much walked on
Say True or False
6. The poet is extremely happy that he has chosen the less trodden
road.___________
7. The poet feels that passing over this road will make it also a used one and
hence no difference.__________
8. The poet hopes to talk about his choice in the future._________
9. The poet will be then absolutely satisfied and happy to have made the choice.
___________
Fill in the blanks with the correct words
10. The poet shall be narrating his experiences with a _________ ( sigh/ laugh).
Say True or False
11. The sigh is a sign of contentment._____________________
Put it together
Rearrange the sentences in the correct sequence
1. The poet will be telling his experience in the future
2. The road not chosen bent in the undergrowth
3. Two roads diverged in yellow wood
4. The poet chose the road less traveled
5. The poet wanted to travel both the roads
6. The poet anyway would have the less traveled road more used by passing
through it
7. The poet says that his choice has made all the difference
8. The poet might get back to the other road on some other day
9. He wonders whether, after having chosen a path, it would be possible to get
back
Spot it
1. Identify the lines that rhyme.
2. The last line of the poem suggests the poet’s probable contentment. Find out how the
word ‘sigh’ in line 16 modifies the final statement.
3. ‘The Road not Taken’ is said to be on Frosts’ friend Edward Thomas who accompanied
the poet on their walks. It was a habit with Edward Thomas to castigate himself for not
having taken another path than the one they took. (We all have come across such types,
haven’t we?)
Now pick out the lines that generate uncertainty and ambivalence.
ambivalence
mixed feelings and contradictory ideas about something.
4. Look at the ending of line 18: “ I ”
and the repetition of the pronoun ‘I’
immediately in the following line. This, combined with the word ‘sigh’ in line 16
modifies the final statement. How?
5. What figure of speech is the road and travel in the poem?
On your Own
1. Comment on the poem’s potential for multiple meanings.
2. Journey is a basic conceptual metaphor for life. Explain how Frost handles it
in “ The road not Taken”
ULYSSES
by
Alfred Lord Tennyson
Get ready
Into the groove:
The thirst for travel and adventure is present in each of us. Today, life has become rather
predictable and there are moments when the routine tires us into dissatisfaction and
restlessness. What do we do when cast into such a mood? May be go to a hill station, take
up a trek in Kodai or Nilagiri hills or go up to the “ Thenaruvi” in Podigai hills. The
novelty of or the difference in experience refreshes us. On the TV you have seen
adventurers parachuting and skydiving for sports. This taking risk in order to enjoy a sense
of achievement is inexplicable in people fond of adventure. Tennyson’s Ulysses is such an
adventurer, who, dissatisfied with domestic routine wants to get back to his sailing ways.
He is an adventurer after experience and knowledge.
Focus
Recall a mood of yours when you desperately wanted to break away from a routine. What
were the things you wanted to do then?
We all have had our adventures on however small a scale it may be. List a couple of your
little adventures and state the feelings they gave.
Find out
Serial No. Name of
Student
Travels Adventures Responses
Discuss
Choose your group leader to make the presentation
ULYSSES
It little profits that an idle king,
By this still hearth, among these barren crags,
Match'd with an aged wife, I mete and dole
Unequal laws unto a savage race,
That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me.
I cannot rest from travel: I will drink
Life to the lees: all times I have enjoy'd
Greatly, have suffer'd greatly, both with those
That loved me, and alone; on shore, and when
Thro' scudding drifts the rainy Hyades
Vest the dim sea: I am become a name;
For always roaming with a hungry heart
Much have I seen and known; cities of men
And manners, climates, councils, governments,
Myself not least, but honour'd of them all;
And drunk delight of battle with my peers;
Far on the ringing plains of windy Troy.
I am part of all that I have met;
Yet all experience is an arch wherethro'
Gleams that untravell'd world, whose margin fades
For ever and for ever when I move.
How dull it is to pause, to make an end,
To rust unburnish'd, not to shine in use!
As tho' to breath were life. Life piled on life
Were all to little, and of one to me
Little remains: but every hour is saved
From that eternal silence, something more,
A bringer of new things; and vile it were
For some three suns to store and hoard myself,
And this gray spirit yearning in desire
To follow knowledge like a sinking star,
Beyond the utmost bound of human thought.
This is my son, mine own Telemachus,
To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle
Wellloved
of me, discerning to fulfil
This labour, by slow prudence to make mild
A rugged people, and thro' soft degrees
Subdue them to the useful and the good.
Most blameless is he, centred in the sphere
Of common duties, decent not to fail
In offices of tenderness, and pay
Meet adoration to my household gods,
When I am gone. He works his work, I mine.
There lies the port; the vessel puffs her sail:
There gloom the dark broad seas. My mariners,
Souls that have toil'd, and wrought, and thought with me
That ever with a frolic welcome took
The thunder and the sunshine, and opposed
Free hearts, free foreheads
you and I are old;
Old age had yet his honour and his toil;
Death closes all: but something ere the end,
Some work of noble note, may yet be done,
Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods.
The lights begin to twinkle from the rocks:
The long day wanes: the slow moon climbs: the deep
Moans round with many voices. Come, my friends,
'Tis not too late to seek a newer world.
Push off, and sitting well in order smite
The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds
To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths
Of all the western stars, until I die.
It may be that the gulfs will wash us down:
It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,
And see the great Achilles, whom we knew.
Tho' much is taken, much abides; and tho'
We are not now that strength which in the old days
Moved earth and heaven; that which we are, we are;
One equaltemper
of heroic hearts,
Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.
The Author
Alfred Lord Tennyson (18091892)
was one of the leading poets of the Victorian age in poetry.
He was made the poet laureate after Wordsworth in 1850. Tennyson studied at Trinity College,
Cambridge where he met Arthur Hallam who was to become his closest friend. Tennyson’s ‘In
Memoriam’( 1850) is an elegy mourning the death Arthur Hallam. Some of his other important
poems are “ The Lady of Shallot,” “ The Lotos Eaters” and “ Morte d’Arthur.”
The Text
‘Ulysses’ is in the form of a speech by the central character. This type of poem is called the
dramatic monologue. Ulysses is the roman name for Odysseus, the hero of Homer’s epic
Odyssey. He is back in Ithaca as king. An adventurer renowned for his cunning and
resourcefulness, Ulysses has begun feeling restless about leading the routine domestic and
court life. So he wants to hand over the responsibilities to his son Telemachus and set sail
again to seek adventure and knowledge. In this respect, Tennyson’s Ulysses is modelled on the
figure in Dante’s Inferno who wants to continue his seeking. In Homer’s Odyssey every one of
Ulysses’ companions perish. Dante’s Ulysses finally dies in his voyage in pursuit of
knowledge. We can understand this speech as being made after Ulysses’ return to Ithaca and
before embarking on his final voyage.
Though published in 1842, it is generally held that the poem was composed in 1833 during the
weeks that followed Hallam’s death. The poem then can be considered his own personal
journey in the face of death. Tennyson said the poem is an expression of his own “need of
going forward and braving the struggle.”
The central character of the poem can be said to embody “passion for exploration and
knowledge, a chief characteristic of Victorian age. There is also the other view that Tennyson’s
Ulysses stands for retreat, withdrawal. Ulysses’ wanderlust can be understood as abdicating his
responsibilities as householder and king.
Different readings of the poem are possible. But what has made the poem retain its appeal is
the powerful plea for keeping alive the spirit of adventure in human beings.
Look up
1. hearth : the floor of the fire place, used here as a symbol of ones’ home
2. mete : dispense, allot
3. dole : distribute
4. hoard : stock, store in a secretive way
5. lees : the sediment of wine in barrel, glass; dregs
6. scudding : moving fast in a straight line.
7. Hyades : The seven daughters of Atlas ( the hero who carries the world on his
shoulders) that died of sorrow when their brother Hyas died. They later became a
constellation.
8. peers : persons of same age, status or ability
9. Troy : the city of king Priam that was`besieged by the Greeks for
ten years. It was finally overcome and destroyed. Ulysses (Odysseus) fought on the
Greek side.
10. arch : curved symmetrical structure spanning an opening.
11. unburnished : unpolished
12. eternal : existing forever
13. three suns : days or years; here most probably three years
14. vile : extremely unpleasant
15. sceptre :an ornamental staff carried by rulers on ceremonial occasions as a
symbol of sovereignty
16. isle : island
17. discerning : showing good judgement
18. prudence : ability to act with responsibility and foresight
19. rugged : tough and determined
20. meet adoration: suitable respect
21. puffs : swells
22. gloom : have a dark appearance
23. frolic : playful
24. unbecoming : not fitting or appropriate
25. smite : strike with a blow
26. furrow : a narrow trench made by a plough on the ground, here it means the
hollow of the splashing waves.
27. gulfs : a deep inlet of sea surrounded by land with a narrow
opening
28. Happy Isles :considered to be the Canary islands in the Atlantic; in
Greek Mythology the dwelling place for virtuous souls after death
29. Achilles : the Greek hero whose weak spot was his heels. He killed
the Trojan hero Hector and in turn was killed by Paris. His arms were then awarded to
Ulysses. Here it probably alludes to Hallam, Tennyson’s friend.
30. abides : continues without fading
Get it right
Say True or False
1. Ulysses feels he is the active king of Ithaca.__________
2. Ulysses wants to take rest._________
Fill in the blanks
3. I will drink life to the _______.( lees/ less)
4. Ulysses has always roamed with a ___________ heart.( contented/ hungry)
5. Ulysses drank delight of battle with __________ .( peers/ bears)
6. He had the delight of battle in ____________. ( Ithaca/ Troy)
7. Ulysses is a part of all that he has _________. ( eaten/ met)
Say True or False
8. Experience is compared to an arch._____________
9. “To most unburnished, not to shine in use!” In this line Ulysses compares
himself to steel, a sword.________
Fill in the blanks with the right words
10. Ulysses does not want to __________ and ____________ himself. ( move,
strain/ store, hoard)
11. Ulysses wants to follow knowledge like a sinking_________ .( ship/ star)
Say True or False
12. Ulysses does not violate the boundaries of human thought.___________
13. Telemachus is Ulysses’ minister. __________
Choose the correct answer
14. Ulysses hands over to Telemachus
e. The sword and the spear
f. The pen and the book
g. The glass and the drink
h. The sceptre and isle
15. To make mild a rugged people, the prudence required should be
a. sharp
b. slow
c. quick
d. blunt
16. Telemachus is centred in the
a. city of Ithaca
b. ship that lies at the port
c. sphere of common duties
d. compound of his own residence
17.What awaits Ulysses at the port?
a. the vessel puffing her sail
b. a protest by his citizens
c. a send off by his wife
d. prevention from undertaking the journey
Fill in the blanks with the correct words
18. Old age has yet _____________ and ____________. ( honour, toil/ boredom,
weakness)
19. Death closes _________ but some work of _________ note may yet be
done.(doors,weak/ all, noble)
20. Match the following
1. lights – moans
2. long day – climbs
3. slow moon – twinkle
Say True or False
21. Ulysses thinks it is too late to seek a new world._____________
22. Time and fate make one strong in old age. _________
23. Ulysses and his companions may be weak in body but strong in will.
________________
Put it together
Rearrange the sentences in the correct word order
4. feels restless Ulysses with life routine
5. learnt a lot Ulysses has travels from his
6. lees to the life he drink wants to
7. compares experience he an arch to
8. moving away keeps the margin the untravelled world of
9. store and hoard Ulysses himself does not want to
10. Telemachus Ulysses son of is the
11. leaves Ulysses to Telemachus the scpetre and the isle
12. embark Ulysses is ready to on voyage his
Spot it
1.Quoting powerful lines or expressions is a habit with us. Identify such quotable lines from
the poem.
e.g. “I will drink life to the lees”
1. _________________
2. __________________
3. ___________________
2. Study the line endings. In what way is this poem different from the other two poems?
3. We have already seen that the poem is in the form of a speech. Find out how the absence of
rhyme helps in achieving speech effect.
4. Where does a thought usually end in this poem?
Examine where sentences end line
end or middle of the line?
You have a term for this practice. Supply the missing letters and get the word.
en_ am _ m _ nt
5. In the context of the poem the
land stands for _______________
sea stands for _______________
6. Spot the pictures embedded in the following lines
I will drink life to the lees
To rust unburnished, not to shine in use
To follow knowledge, like a sinking star
On your Own
1. Describe the character of the speaker of the poem as it emerges from his
speech.
2. Explain how the poem advocates a life of adventure and knowledge.
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