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DENTAL PRODUCTS
Posted Date:
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Posted By: Saraswathi Member Level: Gold Points/Cash: 8
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DENTAL PRODUCTS
Dental hygiene has been considered as important since long. In order to maintain dental hygiene, numerous dental products are available in market. Many chemicals find use in their preparation as well as in dentistry.
Although it is well known that clean teeth keeps good health and clean teeth cannot decay, it is not possible to clean the teeth continuously all the years. Numerous factors contribute to dental decay and the problem of oral hygiene arises.
A large number of inorganic chemicals and their preparations are known which find application in the practice of dental and oral disorders. As they come in contact with the human body, they are regarded like other drugs and pharmaceuticals. Dental products include (a) anticaries (b) cleaning and polishing agents.
ANTICARIES AGENTS
Dental caries or tooth decay is more or less a disease of the teeth caused by acids produced by the action of microorganisms on carbohydrates. This disease is characterized by decalcification of tooth accompanied by foul mouth odor. The exact cause and mechanism of dental caries is not known with certainty. However, it is accepted that dental caries first of all starts on the surface of the teeth. Acids produced by bacterial metabolism of fermenting carbohydrates act on teeth, produce lesions where bacteria’s get localized and dental caries gets produced.
To prevent dental caries and to maintain clean and healthy teeth, it becomes necessary to use dentifrices. Primary function of dentifrice is to clean the accessible surface of the teeth. There are substances having known therapeutic value. Use of ammoniated toothpaste, urea ammonia containing powders, antibiotic containing mixtures and anti-enzyme compounds has been in use. These compounds are having their advantages and limitations.
Role of fluoride
Role of fluoride in preventing dental caries has been well accepted. Administration f traces of fluoride having salts or their use in topical use to the teeth have been reported to give encouraging results.
Fluoride ion is a trace material which occurs in our body. It is generally adequately obtained from food and water. In some parts of the world, ground water is totally lacking fluoride. In such places occurrence of dental caries has been becoming in alarming proportions. Addition of fluoride to the municipal water supply, known as fluoridation is able to help in reducing the preventing dental caries. This is not true because those who receive slow continued ingestion of fluoride may suffer from mottling of teeth, increased density of bones, gastric disturbances, muscular weakness, convulsions and even heart failure. Due to beneficial effects in treating dental caries and in some types of osteoporosis, fluorides find use in dental practice.
When a fluoride having salt or solution is taken internally, it is readily absorbed, transported and deposited in the bone or developing teeth and remainder gets excreted by the kidneys. The deposited fluoride on the surface of teeth does not allow the action of acids or enzymes in producing lesions. A small quantity of fluoride thus becomes necessary to prevent caries. However, if more quantity of fluoride is ingested it is carried to bones and teeth and gives rise to mottled enamel known as dental fluorosis.
It is possible to administer fluoride by two routes (i) orally and (ii) topically. The use of fluoridation of public water supply has been the most common and effective way of oral administration. Water supply containing about 0.5 to 1 ppm is provided which is sufficient. Alternatively, it can be given in drinking water or fruit juice in such a concentration to have about 1 ppm per day. Sodium fluoride tablets or solution of sodium fluoride in a dose of 2.2 mg per day are used. For topical application 2 percent solution is generally used on teeth.
Role of Phosphate
Besides fluorides, inorganic phosphate salts have been found to be useful in reducing the dental caries. Phosphate ions are needed for stronger bones as well healthy teeth. Phosphate salts both in soluble and insoluble forms normal diets. The phosphates are normally given in deficiency. Role of phosphates as cleaning agent is also important.
1. Sodium Fluoride
Formula: NaF
It is having not less than 98.0 percent of NaF, calculated with reference to the dried substance.
Preparation: It may be prepared by neutralizing hydrofluoric acid with sodium carbonate.
Another method involves the double decomposition of calcium fluoride with sodium carbonate wherein insoluble calcium carbonate can be removed by filtration.
Properties: It forms colorless, odorless crystals or as white powder. It is soluble in water but is insoluble in alcohol. Its aqueous solutions corrode ordinary glass bottles and hence the solution should be prepared in distilled water and stored in dark, Pyrex bottles.
On acidification of salt solution, hydrofluoric acid is produced. This is weak acid and is poisonous. Aqueous solution of salt yields alkaline reaction.
Action and uses: Sodium fluoride due to its fluoride ion is an important agent in dental practice for retarding or preventing dental caries.
Sodium fluoride in 2 percent aqueous solution is widely used topically, occasionally the solution is applied to the surface of dry teeth periodically over several times in a year. Fluoride ion enters the enamel of teeth and becomes part of enamel structure and thus becomes effective.
Approximately 2.2 mg of NaF contains 1 mg of fluoride ion and each g of NaF is equivalent to 23.8 m mol of sodium and fluoride. Sodium fluoride and other soluble fluorides are readily absorbed from GIT. Fluoride also gets absorbed slowly from gums when applied as paste and incorporated into the teeth. Fluoridised teeth have the resistant to microorganisms causing dental caries. It also decreases microbial acid production. Sodium fluoride can be administered as solution, tablet, oral gel or varnish for systemic use or as mouth wash for local use in the mouth.
A modification of sodium fluoride application is the use of acidified phosphate-sodium fluoride gels. These preparations usually contain the equivalent of approximately 1.23 percent fluoride and 1 percent phosphoric acid.
A 2% solution of sodium fluoride in water may be applied to children’s teeth, after preliminary cleansing, 3 times at the interval of one week of 3, 7, 10, and 13 years of age to correspond with the tooth eruption. Alternatively, a paste containing75% of sodium fluoride and 25% of glycerol is applied to the teeth, rubbed in for 1 minute and removed by a mouthwash.
Usual Dose: 2.2 mg once a day.
Application: 1.5 to 3 ppm in drinking water, topically as a 2% solution to the teeth.
Caution: When consumed in larger doses, sodium fluoride as poisonous. High fluoride water brings about mottling of teeth, gastric disturbances, etc. Stiller larger doses may lend to systemic toxicities effecting central nervous, cardiovascular, musculo-skeletal and respiratory systems. Sometimes, sodium fluoride is used as domestic insecticide. Great precaution is to be taken to prevent children getting access to such preparations.
Assay: It is assayed by complexometric titration method using disodium edentate.
A weighed quantity is dissolved in water. To it a small amount of sodium chloride and alcohol is added. Now contents are heated to boiling and drop wise excess lead nitrate is added with stirring. On cooling, coagulated precipitate is filtered, residue washed with dilute alcohol and the combined filtrate and washings are made to titrate with disodium edentate using xylenol orange as indicator.
Stannous fluoride is a valuable adjunct in the prevention of caries and is considered to be superior to sodium fluoride for two reasons (i) simplified application; and (ii) greater effectiveness. The first advantage is supported by the fact that a single application of 8% aqueous solution to the tooth surface is enough for every 6 months to 1 year, while, a 2% sodium fluoride is applied 4 times during a 10 days a period. The second advantage derives from the fact that the stannous ion increases the anticariogenic action of fluoride ion so that both ions contribute towards clinical effectiveness.
It is for topical use only.
Storage: It is kept in well-closed containers.
2. Sodium monofluorophosphate (U.S.P)
It is also known as SMFP. It corresponds to the formula (mole mass 143.9). It is a white odorless powder. It is freely soluble in water, yielding near neutral solution. It is also used for fluoride supplement of diets, fluoridation of municipal water supply and in mouth washes. It is preferred to be included in dentifrices, particularly toothpastes. It is believed SMFP is able to induce better fluoridation of dental enamel and decreases its demineralization, than sodium fluoride.
3. Stannous fluoride
Formula:
Tin fluoride solution is obtained from using tin fluoride capsules by dissolving in water. A fresh solution finds use in dentistry.
It contains not less than 71.2% of stannous ions and not less than 22.3% and not more than 25.5% of fluoride, calculated on the dried basis.
Properties: It is a while crystalline powder having unpleasant astringent salty taste. It is soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol and organic solvents. Aqueous solution of stannous fluoride deteriorates rapidly on standing because of oxidation of stannous cation to stannic form causing turbidity. Thus, stannous fluoride solution must be freshly made.
Uses: It is used to prevent dental caries, similar to sodium fluoride and SMFP in the form of solution, gel, mouth wash or dentifrice. It has an unpleasant taste and may cause discoloration of teeth on over usage.
Because of instability of prepared aqueous solutions, fresh solutions are prepared at the time of application. A freshly prepared 8 percent solution of stannous fluoride is applied to the cleaned dry teeth. A single application has been reported to be sufficient for six to twelve months.
Assay for stannous ion: 250 mg of stannous fluoride is accurately weighed and then transferred to a conical flask. To this flask, 300 ml of hot, recently boiled hydrochloric acid is added. The flask is shaken to dissolve the stannous fluoride. Now the flask is kept so that it gets cooled to room temperature. To this flask, 5 ml of potassium iodide is added and the contents in the flask are titrated with 0.1N potassium iodate using starch as an indicator.
Each ml of 0.1 N KIO3 5.935 mg of .
Other fluorides used in dentifrices and oral hygiene products include aluminum fluoride ammonium fluoride, calcium fluoride and potassium fluoride. Sodium silicofluoride is employed for fluoridation of water.
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