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noninvasive bluetooth enabled glucometer
Posted Date:
Total Responses: 0
Posted By: ushivasiddharth Member Level: Silver Points/Cash: 10
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Noninvasive Bluetooth Enabled Glucometer For Differently Abled
U.Shiva Siddharth, D.Thanigaivasan,
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai
ushivasiddharth@gmail.com
thanigaivasan.dayalan@gmail.com
Abstract:
This new glucometer has been designed specially for mentally retarded and people suffering from physical impairment where the care taker can monitor patient’s glucose level. The entire process involves use of photo spectroscopic effect to determine the glucose levels; hence the pin prick can be avoided. An apparatus for noninvasively measuring bio-fluid concentrations using photo spectroscopy includes, a light source for irradiating an incident light having a predetermined wavelength which is absorbed into a targeted component of a living body, a measuring head which holds the finger intact having both the transmitter end and the receiver end, a light detector for detecting the intensity of the incident light and an electronic signal processing unit(ESPU) which determines the glucose concentration using signal compensation and sends the output in the audio format. Bluetooth chip is connected to the ESPU through which the output is transmitted to mobile phone after pairing.
INTRODUCTION
A. DIABETES MELLITUS
Diabetes mellitus also called the type II diabetes is caused due to the affliction of insulin producing ß pancreatic cells. Type II diabetes may occur in children and adolescents but usually begins after age 30 and becomes progressively more common with age. Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease (doubled risk), chronic renal failure, retinal damage (which can lead to blindness), nerve damage (of several kinds), and micro-vascular damage, which may cause erectile dysfunction and poor wound healing. Poor healing of wounds, particularly of the feet, can lead to gangrene, and possibly to amputation.
Hence we need to regularly monitor the blood glucose level.
B. GLUCOMETER
Glucometer is an instrument used to determine the blood glucose concentration. Different types of Glucometery include INVASIVE and NONINVASIVE.INVASIVE technique involves making of an incision for testing the glucose concentration. NONINVASIVE technique involves incision less testing. Mostly light waves of NEAR INFRARED REGION are used. The waves that are being used are termed photo waves which have a greater penetration power and cause no damage to any of our parts.
C. PRINCIPLE BEHND THE PROJECT
The entire device is powered by a lithium cell. Light waves are generated using a laser diode. Glucose in the blood phase shifts incident radiation. The degree of phase shift is directly proportional to the concentration of the glucose in the blood.A calculator circuit is used to determine the blood glucose concentration using the incident and unabsorbed radiation. The output of the calculator circuit is in audio format and it can be sent to a Bluetooth enabled mobile phone through a Bluetooth transducer or heard using a headphone.
BASIC FLOW DIAGRAM
Light waves are generated from transducer
Light waves are passed through the finger tip
Blood glucose phase shifts the incident light
Receiver collects the transmitted light
Calculator circuit calculates the glucose level
Bluetooth transmitter sends data to mobile after pairing
Figure-1
The above figure shows the generalised setup of the glucometer
The apparatus includes
A laser source(1) which produces a laser beam B
an optical phase modulator(OPM)(2) which receives laser beam B from(1),a glucose measuring head(6) which contains a sensor in the form of a balanced receiver(7),an electronic signal processing unit(4) connected to OPM(2) and to balanced receiver(7).
Laser source(1) is preferably a laser diode which operates in the wavelength of 750-1000nm( near infra red range), with a low noise intensity and phase variation. The laser diode has corresponding power supply unit that has not been shown. The beam from laser source is passed to an optical phase modulator. The parts of the optical phase modulator are described next. The optical phase modulator receives AC voltage signals FS from the electronic signal processing unit. A part of the output is sent to the electronic signal processing unit as reference signal. Other part is sent to the measuring head through the GRIN micro lens connected by the optic fiber.
Figure-2
The above figure shows the detailed description of the optical phase modulator.
The apparatus includes
An optical isolator (8) to prevent the back reflection from laser source(1),a input polarizer(9) which polarizes the beam(B) at an angle 450 to X axis, two fiber optic arms(12 and 14), interconnected by means of an input optic coupler(11) and output optic coupler(15),an optical phase shifter(13) is attached to a fiber optic arm(12),a quarter wave plate(17), a glucose reference cartridge(19),an output polarizer(20) and photo diode(21),a special optical lens called GRIN rod microlens(10),Phase shifter(13) is made like a thin walled piezoceramic ring around which optic arm(12) is wound, the piezoceramic ring is electrically connected to electronic signal processing unit(4),the signal BR is passed through polarizer(20) and is detected by photodiode(21). This forms the reference signal SR.
The light beam(B) is emitted by the laser diode. The beam enters the optical isolator(8). The optical isolator allows only unidirectional flow of light. It is incorporated to prevent the back reflection of the light. The light ray from isolator is polarized by the polarizer(9). The polarizer gives out the single waveform of light. The light rays are drawn from the polarizer through the GRIN rod micro lens. The two optic fiber arms(12 and 14) are inter connected by means of the input optic coupler(11) and output optic coupler(15). The optic fiber arm(12) is connected to the phase shifter(13). This phase shifter provides a phase deviation for the incident light. The AC voltage FS signal from the electronic signal processing unit is sent to the phase shifter of the OPM.
2.1-The schematic representation of phase shifter
Phase shifter(13) is made like a thin walled piezoceramic ring around which optic arm(12) is wound.
The piezoceramic ring is electrically connected to electronic signal processing unit(4).
2.2a- it illustrates the position of axis of polarization with respect to an X-Y coordinate system. It is the polarization of light beam by the polarizer.
2.2b- it illustrates the orientation of the optic arm(12) as the polarized light propagates along the y direction.
2.2c- it illustrates the orientation of the optic arm(14) as the polarized light propagates along the x direction.
Figure-3
The above shown is the schematic representation of the parts of the measuring head placed over the finger.
The apparatus includes, optic fiber link(3) which ends in a GRIN lens(22). A support is provided for this lens from the side opening(26).The polarized light beam enters into the unit through(3). This unit is provided with a central opening (23), a spring loaded axial stop element(24), a side opening(27) with a spring loaded pressure element(28). The opening(26) also serves for directing beam(BM) into the nail bed(NB) of finger(F).
Lower to the finger(F) there is recess(29) accommodating the receiver. The beam splitter plate(32) is protected by a glass plate(33). The recess(29) also contains sensor(30) which determines the thickness of finger(F) in portion being measured. The sensor(30)generates signal SL which is directed to signal processing unit.
The optic fiber link(3) is an extension of the fiber(14a
). The rays reach the GRIN rod micro lens after passing through the quarter wave plate. The lens is given a support through the side opening(26). The axial part of the measuring head is provided with a spring loaded stop element(24). This axial stop element provides the required pressure from the front. Just below the nail bed(NB) there is a pressure effecter(28). Lower to the finger(F), the receiver is held in position by the recess(29). They are hard and sturdy. Beam splitter plate(32) is protected by the glass plate(33). The beam splitter plate divides the light from the finger(F) into two equal halves. The sensor provides the signal SL this is used as the reference signal. The sensor is also held in position by the recess(29). The light from the GRIN rod micro lens is incident on the finger(F). The light rays are absorbed by the capillaries in the finger(F). The remaining light is allowed to pass through.
Figure-4
The diagram shows the receiver circuit.
The beam BM is focused on the finger through the measuring head(6).
The output rays are spitted using a 50 : 50 beam splitter (32). Now the BM1 rays are split into BM1-A and BM1-B.
The polarizer (34) is used to polarize the BM1-A while the BM1-B is unpolarized.
Photodetectors (35 and 36) produce electrical signals from the incident light.
Output of (35 and 36) is directed to inputs of difference amplifier (37).
S-A is the polarized electrical component signal and S-B the non polarized component.
Output of (37) is connected to input of division amplifier(39).
The other input to (39) is the low pass filtered output(38) in which frequencies above 10-100 Hz is removed.
The output of (39) is SM, which is the ratio between the two inputs of (39).
Figure-5
ure-4 shows the diagram of the receiver
The diagram shows the electronic signal processing unit.
The electronic signal processing unit includes
A phase sensitive homodyne receiver(40),which receives the reference signal SR and the measurement electric signal SM and produces on its output an electric signal S? which is proportional to the blood glucose concentration.
A microcontroller(42) converts the S? signals to glucose concentration signals.
Piezocontroller(41) is a device which controls the wave forms of the AC voltage signals FS fed into the phase shifter.
The processor also has a memory unit(43) for storing data.
The audio transmitter(44) is connected to the microcontroller. The Bluetooth chip is also controlled by the microprocessor. Output is sent to the Bluetooth chip for transmittance.
The audio transmitter can be connected to speaker or headphone or any such device.
Above, the first picture represents the Bluetooth transducer circuit. The entire circuit has been fabricated in the chip shown next. This chip is the one that is been used.
The Bluetooth chip is connected to the microprocessor. The Bluetooth chip has an antenna which helps in transmission of data.
The chip has a predetermined code. Hence the pairing between the mobile phone and the device is like pairing a normal Bluetooth headset.
The Bluetooth transducer is linked to the mobile by a process called pairing. The process is described below.
Bluetooth Pairing happens when two Bluetooth enabled devices agree to communicate with one another. When this happens, the two devices join what is called a trusted pair. When one device recognizes another device in an established trusted pair, each device automatically accepts communication, bypassing the discovery and authentication process that normally happen during Bluetooth interactions.
ADVANTAGES OF THIS GLUCOMETER
(i) This glucometer is catered to diabetic people suffering from physical impairment such as paralysis, or mental retardation, where others can monitor the reading through the mobile phone.
(ii) The output is in audio format hence they are aimed to benefit blind people the most.
(iii) No loss of blood and pain.
(iv) Margin of error is only 0.1%.
SCOPE FOR IMPROVEMENT
(i) The instrument design can be changed such that it can monitor several other parameters such as heart rate, hemoglobin count, blood pressure, blood oxygen level.
(ii) The transducer can be designed in such a way that they can scan for blood vessel blocks and tumors.
(iii) The entire system can be incorporated with a device, which it can be connected to a computer and hence the glucose level over a long period can be monitored.
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Project Feedbacks
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| Author: Akshatha H | Member Level: Bronze | Revenue Score:  | Pl add de images...
Thank u.
| | Author: pooja | Member Level: Bronze | Revenue Score: | the images are missing. plz add them
| | Author: Mahesh | Member Level: Platinum | Revenue Score: | No figure found.. please add figure & get approved!!
(As you wrote, fig 1, fig2.. )
Thank you
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