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Posted Date: 16 Jun 2009 Posted By: Cool Member Level: Gold
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2007 All India Management Association (AIMA) M.B.A Marketing Management Organizational Behavior – I University Question paper
Page 1 of 26
Question Paper
Organizational Behavior – I (MB1B1): January 2007
Answer all 100 questions.
Each question carries one mark.
1. The manager of a manufacturing plant has to choose between expanding the capacity of the existing plant or acquire
a new plant. While making the choice he/she is performing the management role of a/an
(a) Figurehead
(b) Resource allocator
(c) Monitor
(d) Disseminator
(e) Entrepreneur.
2. Total Quality Management (TQM) was highly acclaimed and the most widely used quality management approach.
Which of the following statements is not true regarding TQM?
(a) It emphasizes on small and continuous improvement
(b) It encourages employees to rethink what they do and empowers them to participate in workplace decisions
(c) It improves all the organizational processes thus enhancing customer satisfaction
(d) It seeks to improve quality and productivity by bringing about radical changes in the business process
(e) It requires the participation and cooperation of employees to achieve desired improvement in quality and
productivity.
3. When John remarks that he believes that the management class should be valuable based on what he has heard from
other students, he is referring to which component of attitude?
(a) Affective
(b) Behavioral
(c) Cognitive
(d) Socialistic
(e) Conventional.
4. Tecra Software Solutions Ltd. had stopped providing special facilities like parking near the work place, etc. to the
executives and started providing such facilities to everyone alike. The use of terms like “boss” and “subordinates”
are not being practiced by it to bridge the psychological distance between the higher and lower level employees.
Get-togethers of staff with superiors have also been helpful in building better superior-subordinate relationships.
These approaches are useful in fostering a spirit of mutuality and cooperation. Which model of Organization
Behavior (OB) is Tecra Software Solutions Ltd. following?
(a) Autocratic
(b) Cognitive
(c) Collegial
(d) Supportive
(e) Custodial.
5. Which of the following statements are true regarding self-managing teams?
I. These are autonomous work groups.
II. These work groups are given extensive decision-making powers.
III. These work groups have a mentor to assist the employees in handling conflicts, problem-solving, etc.
IV. These are not led by a team leader.
(a) Both (I) and (II) above
(b) Both (II) and (III) above
(c) Both (III) and (IV) above
(d) (I), (II) and (III) above
(e) (II), (III) and (IV) above.
Page 2 of 26
6. In which stage of the Hall’s career stage model, an employee may even act as a mentor to his subordinates?
(a) Achievement
(b) Maintenance
(c) Exploration
(d) Decline
(e) Establishment.
7. An overall model of organizational behavior can be developed by making use of cognitive, behaviorist and social
learning theoretical framework. Which of the following statements is not true regarding cognitive approach?
(a) Cognition is the act of knowing an item of information
(b) Cognition serves as an input for a person’s thoughts, perception, problem solving and information
processing
(c) Cognition generally precedes behavior
(d) The role of the cognition is also found to be significant in the decision making of managers
(e) The cognitive approach is based on the stimulus response connection.
8. Which of the following methods of participation is informal and brief in nature and involves the direct participation
of employees at a modest level?
(a) Suggestion programs
(b) Consultative management
(c) Self-managing teams
(d) Industrial democracy
(e) Middle management committees.
9. The supportive model is based on leadership rather than on power or money. The level of motivation of the
employees in supportive model is more because of satisfying which of the following needs?
(a) Subsistence
(b) Security
(c) Self-actualization
(d) Status and recognition
(e) Stability and satisfaction.
10. Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov’s Experiments is/are false?
I. Pavlov’s standard procedure involved a dog which was given access to food, and each presentation was
accompanied (usually slightly preceded) by the occurrence of a neutral event, such as ringing bell.
II. After several training trials (pairings of bell and food), the dog would salivate at the ringing of bell, before any
food had appeared.
III. Salivation at the presentation of food is called a conditioned response.
IV. The event that evokes the conditioned response is referred to as a conditioned stimulus.
(a) Only (I) above
(b) Only (II) above
(c) Only (III) above
(d) (I), (II) and (III) above
(e) (II), (III) and (IV) above.
11. An individual high in Machiavellianism (Mach) is pragmatic and maintains emotional distance. High Machs flourish
I. When they are capable of changing their behavior according to the situation.
II. In jobs that offer substantial rewards for the achievement of goals.
III. When they interact face-to-face with others.
IV. In jobs that do not require the use of persuasion skills.
(a) Only (II) above
(b) Both (I) and (III) above
(c) Both (II) and (III) above
(d) (I), (III) and (IV) above
(e) All (I), (II), (III) and (IV) above.
Page 3 of 26
12. Which of the following is the pre-requisite for participation, in which employees are unlikely to participate, even if
there is a slightest perceived threat to their status or position?
(a) Adequate time
(b) Greater benefits
(c) Mutual communication
(d) Area of job freedom
(e) Removal of apprehensions.
13. Managers have to play multifarious roles while performing their duties. A personnel manager who sources
information from the operations manager of the same organization is performing which of the following
management roles?
(a) Monitor
(b) Disseminator
(c) Liaison
(d) Leadership
(e) Disturbance handlers.
14. Stephanie Stucky works as a human relations specialist and is considered a top performer in the firm. According to
Stephanie, her performance is derived from the fact that the pay matches her expectations, she has a significant
amount of autonomy in the performance of her duties, and the workload is challenging, without being
overwhelming. Stephanie’s consistent performance level can be said to demonstrate which of the following?
(a) Job enrichment
(b) Job rotation
(c) Job satisfaction
(d) Job involvement
(e) Job enlargement.
15. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding middle-management committees?
I. Multiple-management is a method of improving the participation of the middle-level managers in the decisionmaking
activities of the organization.
II. Middle-management committees give a junior board of directors the responsibility of understanding and
recommending solutions for a particular problem.
III. The board members are not free to make their own rules and the positions on the board are held on a rotation
basis.
(a) Only (I) above
(b) Only (II) above
(c) Both (I) and (II) above
(d) Both (I) and (III) above
(e) All (I), (II) and (III) above.
16. Sharma is a talkative, assertive, and sociable individual who is very comfortable with interpersonal relationships.
This describes which quality of Sharma?
(a) Agreeableness
(b) Machiavellianism
(c) Conscientiousness
(d) Emotional stability
(e) Extraversion.
17. In an effort to remove an undesirable consequence, a team leader no longer mentions or recognizes a group
member’s unsolicited suggestions made in group meetings. This would be an example of which of the following
forms of reinforcement?
(a) Positive reinforcement
(b) Negative reinforcement
(c) Punishment
(d) Castigation
(e) Extinction.
Page 4 of 26
18. Ethical behavior is characterized by right and wrong conduct. In modern times organizations have taken up
measures to improve ethical behavior of employees. Which of the following is not a measure to improve ethical
behavior?
(a) Providing code of ethics to employees to help them through ethical dilemmas
(b) Organizing seminars, workshops and training programs periodically to educate employees on ethical
behavior
(c) Providing in-house advisers to assist employees with ethical dilemma
(d) Offering protection to employees who unveils unethical practices of other employees in organization
(e) Assisting employees to carry out practices even though they conflict with personal beliefs and moral values
of employees.
19. In which stage of the Hall’s career stage model, the employee tries to settle down in his job and interacts with coworkers
to develop a good relationship with them?
(a) Achievement
(b) Maintenance
(c) Exploration
(d) Decline
(e) Establishment.
20. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding empowerment?
I. Empowerment is one way to raise self-efficacy levels of employees.
II. Managers can empower employees in an organization by providing employees with proper training, coaching
and guidance to enable them to master the skills required for their job.
III. Empowering of employees helps direct them towards superior performance in the job.
(a) Only (I) above
(b) Only (II) above
(c) Both (I) and (II) above
(d) Both (I) and (III) above
(e) All (I), (II) and (III) above.
21. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding risk-taking personality attribute that influences organization
behavior?
I. People who are highly risk-taking in their behavior make decisions quickly without searching for much
information.
II. Risk-averse people make decisions in a hurry and gather a lot of information before making any decision.
III. In organizations, the suitability of a person’s risk-taking or risk averse behavior depends on the duties and
responsibilities of his job.
(a) Only (I) above
(b) Only (II) above
(c) Both (I) and (II) above
(d) Both (I) and (III) above
(e) All (I), (II) and (III) above.
22. The voluntary groups in an organization that are trained in statistical techniques and problem solving skills are
known as
(a) Self management teams
(b) Work councils
(c) Middle management committees
(d) Quality circles
(e) Task forces.
23. Individuals with Type A personality are believed to be ambitious and achievement oriented. Which of the following
is not a characteristic of Type A personality?
(a) They try to be fast in everything they do, whether it is eating, talking, walking, etc.
(b) The slow pace at which things generally happen upsets them
(c) They try to be involved in more than one thing at a time
(d) They are always busy and find themselves unable to cope with leisure time
(e) They try to make the best use of their leisure time and relax without any feeling of guilt.
Page 5 of 26
24. Theory Y recommends empowerment of employees for improving work performance. Which of the following is not
an assumption of Theory Y?
(a) Tight controls and punishments cannot make people deliver the goods
(b) People can put in physical and mental efforts in work as naturally as they do while playing
(c) An average person would not only accepts responsibility, but also seek if proper conditions exist in
organization
(d) People can solve their work-related problem by using creativity and imagination
(e) They have to be coerced by punishment or goaded by means of financial rewards to make them work
effectively.
25. The cognitive learning consists of a relationship between cognitive environmental cues and expectation. The
learning of association between the cue and expectation is termed as
(a) Response and stimulus learning (R-S)
(b) Stimulus and unconditioned stimulus learning
(c) Stimulus and response learning (S-R)
(d) Unconditioned stimulus and stimulus learning
(e) Stimulus-stimulus learning (S-S).
26. Which of the following refers to an individual’s ability to define his own as well as the subordinates’ tasks and get
these tasks accomplished on time?
(a) Laissez faire
(b) Initiating structure
(c) Consideration
(d) Reciprocity
(e) Employee-oriented.
27. Which of the following disciplines that contributed to human relations and organizational behavior has provided
many useful insights in attitude change, communication patterns, group processes and group decision-making?
(a) Psychology
(b) Social psychology
(c) Industrial psychology
(d) Sociology
(e) Economics.
28. Which of the following statements is/are not true regarding the Argyris’ Immaturity–Maturity Continuum?
I. As an individual progresses from infancy to adulthood along the continuum, there is continual change in the
level of development along different dimensions.
II. The model cannot measure and describe the development of an individual ‘s personality but it can predict any
specific behavior of the individual.
III. The latent characteristics of personality, which form the basis of the seven dimensions, may be quite different
from the externally visible behavior of people.
(a) Only (I) above
(b) Only (II) above
(c) Only (III) above
(d) Both (I) and (II) above
(e) Both (II) and (III) above.
29. Lohith has recently completed his master’s degree in English literature. He is enthusiastic about his new job,
reviewing loan applications at a major regional bank, where his uncle happens to be CEO. Loan-review is a fairly
technical area and the other employees in the department have finance or accounting education. Lohith has a high
level of self-esteem and is sure that he can make a success in his new job. A leader using the situational leadership
model would use which leadership style to manage Lohith?
(a) Telling
(b) Participating
(c) Selling
(d) Delegating
(e) Directing.
Page 6 of 26
30. Self-monitoring is the ability of an individual to adapt one’s behavior to external situational factors. High selfmonitors
are very sensitive to external clues and behave according to the needs of the situation. Which of the
following is not true regarding the self-monitors?
(a) They are more mobile in career
(b) They are likely to get more promotions
(c) They make successful managers
(d) They evade individual responsibility
(e) They accept challenges voluntarily.
31. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding conscientiousness?
I. People who are very conscientious limit the number of goals they set for themselves.
II. People who are less conscientious are more organized, responsible and self-disciplined.
III. Conscientiousness refers to the extent to which a person is comfortable with other people.
(a) Only (I) above
(b) Only (II) above
(c) Both (I) and (II) above
(d) Both (I) and (III) above
(e) All (I), (II) and (III) above.
32. Which of the following statements is/are not true regarding Vroom and Yetton’s leadership-participation model?
I. Leaders have to adjust their behavior depending on the situation.
II. The leadership-participation model is not normative.
III. Leadership-participation model provides a sequential set of rules that can be followed for ascertaining the type
and amount of participation required in decision-making in different situations.
(a) Only (I) above
(b) Only (II) above
(c) Only (III) above
(d) Both (I) and (II) above
(e) Both (I) and (III) above.
33. At one manufacturing plant, every time the top executives from the head office were scheduled to make a visit, the
plant management would clean up the administrative offices and wash the windows. Eventually, employees would
turn on their best behavior and look prim and proper whenever the windows were cleaned. This is known as
(a) Instrumental learning
(b) Cognitive learning
(c) Perceptive learning
(d) Associative learning
(e) Assumptive learning.
34. Which of the following statements are true regarding personality?
I. Personality should describe a person from a holistic point of view and not just look at individual aspects of his
character.
II. The physical characteristics of a person are partly hereditary and partly conditioned by the environment.
III. The psychological characteristics of a person are purely hereditary.
IV. In an organization, the psychological characteristics of a person are of more concern than his physical
characteristics.
(a) Both (I) and (II) above
(b) Both (I) and (III) above
(c) Both (I) and (IV) above
(d) Both (II) and (III) above
(e) All (I), (II), (III) and (IV) above.
Page 7 of 26
35. Behavior acquisition through the modeling process cannot be directly attributed to either classical or operant
conditioning. Modeling also includes various other sub-processes. According to Albert Bandura, which of the
following is not a sub-process of modeling?
(a) Attention
(b) Intervention
(c) Retention
(d) Motoric reproduction
(e) Reinforcement.
36. A commissioned salesperson who wants to earn a sizable income finds that doing so is contingent on generating
high sales in his/her territory.” This is an example of
(a) Perceptive learning
(b) Instrumental learning
(c) Assumptive learning
(d) Cognitive learning
(e) Associative learning.
37. Rico Palomera had numerous duties delegated to him during his accounting internship. Many of these required that
he should obtain information from other departments. He was often frustrated because some departments repeatedly
refused to share information with a mere intern. It would seem that Rico’s supervisor made the mistake of
(a) Delegating inappropriate tasks to an intern
(b) Taking credit for Rico’s accomplishments
(c) Overestimating Rico’s capabilities
(d) Delegating responsibility without adequate authority
(e) Passing the buck for Rico’s performance.
38. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding self-esteem?
I. The degree to which an individual is practical in his approach is referred as self-esteem.
II. People who have low self-esteem do not care about pleasing others.
III. People with high self-esteem derive more satisfaction from their jobs than people with low self-esteem.
(a) Only (I) above
(b) Only (III) above
(c) Both (I) and (III) above
(d) Both (II) and (III) above
(e) All (I), (II) and (III) above.
39. The women are mostly subjected to ‘pay and promotion’ discrimination in organizations. The ‘Glass Ceiling Effect’
states everything, except
(a) Artificial barriers that prevent women from moving unto senior management positions
(b) Women give greater priority to family than careers
(c) Women cannot handle challenges at higher levels
(d) They give priority to their ambitions
(e) Men have better leadership skills than women.
40. Movie stars, singers, and others, including managers, choose an image they wish to convey and how to convey it.
The methods adopted by a person to create the image he/she wishes to convey is known as
(a) Self promotion
(b) Impression construction
(c) Exemplification
(d) Impression motivation
(e) Impression monitoring.
Page 8 of 26
41. Manohar is a new divisional manager who wishes to reorganize his division. His primary problem seems to be that
his subordinates (followers) seem unwilling or unable to grasp the fact that new learning tasks are necessary before
the division can be brought up to its full potential. Which of the following leadership models or theories would most
likely be of use to Mr. Manohar as he prepares to solve his problem?
(a) Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid
(b) Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Model
(c) Fiedler’s Leadership Contingency Theory
(d) House’s Path-Goal Theory
(e) Leadership-participation model.
42. Which of the following statements is not true regarding a multicultural organization?
(a) It acknowledges the contributions made by various cultural and social groups and highlights their interests
in its mission, operations, and products or services
(b) It discourages the practice of any form of social oppression within it
(c) It is a supplemental organization coexisting with the usual, formal organization
(d) It includes members of diverse social and cultural groups in the decision-making process
(e) It is a socially responsible entity, and supports other institutional efforts to do away with all forms of social
oppression.
43. According to Holland’s typology of personality, a person who prefers verbal activities where there are opportunities
to influence others and attain power is said to be
(a) Realistic
(b) Investigative
(c) Social
(d) Enterprising
(e) Artistic.
44. Amul, the bank manager of a small town local branch, expects his employees to be on-the-job during peak customer
service hours but allows his staff members to determine their own starting and stopping hours. This HRM-driven
program is known as
(a) Flextime
(b) Job sharing
(c) Compressed work week
(d) Telecommuting
(e) Reengineering.
45. Various approaches have been used to deal with discrimination against women. In this regard, which of the
following refers to a set of policies and initiatives designed to eliminate past and present discrimination based on
race, color, religion, sex or national origin?
(a) Glass ceiling effect
(b) Affirmative action
(c) Halo effect
(d) Compliance
(e) Social cues act.
46. Tina assumes that Jake is highly cooperative and productive because he puts in long working hours. What is this
called?
(a) Glass ceiling effect
(b) Stereotyping
(c) The halo effect
(d) Figure-ground
(e) Perceptual proximity.
47. Many specific theories were formulated in the process of explanations for employee motivation. Which of the
following comes under the contemporary theories of work motivation?
(a) Alderfer’s ERG theory
(b) The Porter-Lawler model
(c) Attribution theory
(d) Expectancy theory
(e) Two-Factor theory.
Page 9 of 26
48. Two U.S. based Nissan trainers were reprimanded by their supervisor for making negative comments against him in
their emails. The two trainers sued the company and regarded the incident as
(a) Discrimination
(b) Violation of privacy
(c) Empathy
(d) Work - pressure
(e) Cultural differences.
49. According to the managerial grid, managers who score high concern for production and low concern for people
demonstrate which of the following leadership styles?
(a) Authoritarian
(b) Impoverished
(c) Country club management
(d) Team management
(e) Middle of the road management.
50. Kamal graduated from a prestigious business school and was selected for a suitable position in a large and reputed
company. The work was challenging and provided ample opportunities for growth. Kamal joined for a salary of Rs
10,000 per month. The company appreciated his performance and after he had completed a year’s service, gave him
a hike of Rs 1,000. However, after a short while, a new employee was hired by the company with the same
qualification but no prior experience, at a salary of Rs 12,000. On learning about this, Kamal felt bad and began to
look for another job. This shows
(a) The dissatisfaction results, when the actual awards fall short of the person’s expectations
(b) The performance-satisfaction relationship of the employee is also affected by what he perceives as
appropriate rewards
(c) The degree of equity or inequity perceived by an employee with reference to his work situation plays a
major role in work performance and satisfaction
(d) The relationship between rewards and personal goals of an individual
(e) The strength of an individual’s preference for outcomes like rewards.
51. There are certain steps or approaches for managing diversity in organizations. Which of the following is/are the
approach(es) to manage diversity?
I. Creation of family-friendly workplaces.
II. Providing diversity training to employees.
III. Developing mentoring programs for employees.
(a) Only (I) above
(b) Only (II) above
(c) Only (III) above
(d) Both (II) and (III) above
(e) All (I), (II) and (III) above.
52. Every time Susan meets Joy, it is under unfavorable circumstances. Soon Susan actively dislikes Joy, even though
she has never really talked to her. This is an example of attitude formation based on
(a) Respondent conditioning
(b) Modeling processes
(c) Operant conditioning
(d) Self-control processes
(e) Fundamental attribution error.
53. Kalyan’s job as loader operator for Raynor Coal Company permits him to work 10 hours per day from Monday to
Thursday. This demonstrates Raynor’s utilization of a(n)
(a) Flexible work hours
(b) Job sharing
(c) Compressed work week
(d) Telecommuting
(e) Reengineering.
Page 10 of 26
54. A long-time employee has recently expressed dissatisfaction with her job as an accounts payable clerk. According to
the two-factor theory of motivation which of the following interventions would reduce her level of dissatisfaction?
(a) Provide her with more accounts to be responsible for
(b) Provide her with an "award of excellence" to recognize her efforts
(c) Increase her pay
(d) Promote her to the position of department manager
(e) Increase her level of responsibility.
55. If an employee is low in his ability to perform as well as willingness to perform, according to situational theory, the
manager needs to adopt which leadership style?
(a) Telling
(b) Selling
(c) Participating
(d) Delegating
(e) Consulting.
56. Managers understand their employee’s point of view and thus help them deal with delicate situations. Such an
ability is referred to as
(a) Empathy
(b) Perception
(c) Attitude
(d) View
(e) Opinion.
57. Which component of the organizational commitment is influenced by the costs that could accrue to the employee if
he leaves the organization?
(a) Social commitment
(b) Affective commitment
(c) Coercive commitment
(d) Normative commitment
(e) Continuance commitment.
58. In which step of the communication process, the sender selects appropriate words, charts or other symbols and also
decides on the medium of sending a message?
(a) Developing an idea
(b) Decoding the message
(c) Transmitting the message
(d) Encoding the message
(e) Message reception.
59. Jeenat believes that it is her boss’s fault she did not get the transfer she wanted. Jeenat’s belief suggests she has the
personality trait known as
(a) Authoritarianism
(b) Self-efficacy
(c) Conscientiousness
(d) Self-esteem
(e) External locus of control.
60. The extent to which others behave in a similar manner in the same situation is known as
(a) Valence
(b) Expectancy
(c) Consensus
(d) Distinctiveness
(e) Consistency.
61. Prem is working as a team leader in Paradigm InfoTech Ltd., for past two years. His boss gave him a deadline for
the completion of a project. So Prem wants to remind his team members about the completion of project. He sent emails
to all the members of his team, reminding them of the upcoming deadline. Here, Prem is using
(a) Lateral communication
(b) Non-verbal communication
(c) Downward communication
(d) Telecommuting
(e) Upward communication.
Page 11 of 26
62. An employee’s personality together with his attitude determines his behavior and job performance in an
organization. Which of the following statements is/are true in this regard?
I. If heredity alone influenced the personality characteristics of an individual, then it would be impossible to alter
an individual’s personality.
II. Only environment and not heredity, is important in shaping the personality of an individual.
III. Apart from heredity and environment there is no other factor that influences an individual’s personality.
(a) Only (I) above
(b) Only (II) above
(c) Both (I) and (II) above
(d) Both (I) and (III) above
(e) All (I), (II) and (III) above.
63. General motives include those motives which are neither purely primary nor purely secondary, but rather something
in between. Which among the following is a complex general motive?
(a) The achievement motive
(b) The affection motive
(c) The affiliation motive
(d) The power motive
(e) The security motive.
64. Chester Barnard felt that communication played an important role in shaping organization. He identified several
communication factors that help establish and maintain objective authority in an organization. In this context, which
of the following statements is/are false?
I. All communication should be authenticated.
II. There should be no interruption in the line of communication during the functioning of an organization.
III. Communication with an organization must follow the shortest path even if it is not the direct path.
IV. Competent persons should serve as communication centers.
(a) Only (I) above
(b) Only (II) above
(c) Only (III) above
(d) Both (I) and (II) above
(e) Both (III) and (IV) above.
65. A leader after sharing the problem with the subordinates, initiates a group discussion on alternative solutions, and
moderates the discussion till the group reaches a consensus on the solution to be adopted, is following the leadership
decision style referred to as
(a) Autocratic I
(b) Autocratic II
(c) Consultive I
(d) Consultive II
(e) Group II.
66. Jay is a highly paid employee of the company and receives full benefits. He is given the responsibility of new
product design. Ram, Jay’s supervisor, wants to ensure that Jay remains happy with his job and continues to be a
highly motivated employee. Which of the following should Ram consider as the focus of reward for Jay?
(a) Physiological needs
(b) Security needs
(c) Social needs
(d) Esteem needs
(e) Self-actualization needs.
67. In 1920, Edward L, Thorndike proposed the theory ‘The Law of Effect’. Which of the following statements is true
regarding this theory?
(a) This theory states that responses followed by pleasant consequence are more likely to be repeated, while
responses followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated
(b) This theory states that the strength and frequency of behaviors are determined by environmental events that
precedes the behavior
(c) This theory states that people draw a general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic
(d) This theory states that the process by which people try to manage or control the perception of other people
(e) This theory states that employees compare their outcome – input ratio with that of others.
Page 12 of 26
68. Which of the following is/are the objective(s) of interactive communication in an organization?
I. Task coordination.
II. Conflict resolution.
III. Information sharing.
IV. Filtering.
(a) Only (I) above
(b) Only (III) above
(c) Both (I) and (II) above
(d) Both (III) and (IV) above
(e) (I), (II) and (III) above.
69. A faculty member of Osmania University comparing his experience with the experience of a faculty member
working for Indian School of Business is an example for the referent comparison of
(a) Other-inside
(b) Self-inside
(c) Other-outside
(d) Self-outside
(e) Distortion.
70. Upward communication process is non-directive in nature. To make this more effective, organization empowers and
encourages their employees to participate and communicate freely. An organization conducts exit-interview with its
employees, which means
(a) It is conducted to test the intelligence of the employee
(b) It is conducted for the employees quitting the organization to know the reasons for leaving
(c) It is conducted to test the conceptual knowledge of the employee
(d) It is conducted to test the communicating skills of the employee
(e) It is conducted to test the employee comprehensively.
71. Which of the following refers to the self-perceptions of a person as to how well he/she can cope with the situations
as they arise?
(a) Attitudes
(b) Personality
(c) Self-efficacy
(d) Self-esteem
(e) Stereotypes.
72. Manohar works behind the delivery counter at a grocery store. On Mondays he is in charge of the register, on
Wednesdays he tends the counter but also fills in at the checkout counter in the grocery store, on Fridays and
Saturdays he is responsible for taking and filling custom orders for the catering portion of the delivery. This is an
example of
(a) Job specialization
(b) Job rotation
(c) Job enlargement
(d) Job satisfaction
(e) Job enrichment.
73. Which of the following represents the first sub-process of perception?
(a) Registration
(b) Interpretation
(c) Situation-person interaction
(d) Sensation
(e) Recreation.
Page 13 of 26
74. A number of obstacles may restrict the receivers understanding of a message, which may totally prevent
communication, or delete a part of the message or convey a wrong meaning. Defensiveness is one of the attitudes of
a person which is a barrier for effective communication process. Defensiveness is
(a) To manipulate information by the sender so as to obtain favorable option from the receiver
(b) An attempt to intentionally block communication when people feel that other is threatening their self-image
and prestige
(c) To perceive information on the basis of needs, values, experience and background
(d) To use words that conveys different meanings to different people
(e) To select appropriate word, symbols, charts to convey his idea clearly.
75. A new manager at a marketing firm, after having reviewed account activity for the most recent month, informs an
account lead that volume of activity in the accounts she manages is down, and perhaps a redistribution of accounts
may be in order. The account lead is furious and feels unfairly evaluated, as her volume in previous months was
higher than average. She is certain the manager is plotting against her. Which perceptual distortion describes the
account lead’s response best?
(a) Social perception
(b) Stereotyping
(c) Selective perception
(d) Denial
(e) Projection.
76. An extremely conscientious and experienced group of employees are doing a hot, dirty, routine task. Which
leadership style does House’s Path-Goal theory suggest using here?
(a) Achievement-oriented
(b) Delegative
(c) Autocratic
(d) Directive
(e) Supportive.
77. Which of the following is the most advanced form of perceptual organization and provides meaning and value to
objects, events, situation and other people in the environment?
(a) Perceptual contrast
(b) Perceptual proximity
(c) Perceptual context
(d) Perceptual commitment
(e) Perceptual novelty.
78. Which of the following is not a feature of grapevine communication?
(a) It carries information which is left unsaid by formal channels of communication
(b) It is beyond the control of management
(c) It is mostly used by employees to serve their personal and social interests
(d) It carries 100% true information
(e) It provides information on the unwritten rules of the organization.
79. Herzberg conducted a motivational study on about 200 accountants and engineers employed by firms around
Pittsburgh. He resorted to critical incident method of collecting data for analysis. In his study what is/are the basic
question(s) he posed to the respondents?
I. When were you rewarded by your firm and for what achievement?
II. When were you punished by your firm and for what reasons?
III. When did you feel particularly good about your job?
IV. When did you feel exceptionally bad about your job?
(a) Only (I) above
(b) Only (II) above
(c) Both (I) and (II) above
(d) Both (III) and (IV) above
(e) All (I), (II), (III) and (IV) above.
Page 14 of 26
80. The perceptual error of stereotyping is most closely associated with the perceptual grouping principle of
(a) Proximity
(b) Closure
(c) Similarity
(d) Continuity
(e) Constancy.
81. Which of the following policies facilitates the employees to walk into the superiors’ cabin at any time and express
their grievance?
(a) Closed door policy
(b) Open door policy
(c) Grievance policy
(d) Welfare policy
(e) Management policy.
82. Ajay works in sales department for ABC corporation. He is an excellent agent and earns good pay and uses
company car. Lately, however, Ajay’s performance has diminished below acceptable levels. Ajay’s supervisor has
given him feedback regarding his unacceptable performance and has taken away Ajay’s company car. Ajay’s
supervisor has used which principle of learning?
(a) Positive reinforcement
(b) Negative reinforcement
(c) Maslow’s social motivators
(d) Herzberg’s motivation factors
(e) Punishment.
83. Which of the following statements is/are not true regarding secondary motives?
I. A secondary motive is a motive that has been learned or acquired over time.
II. The motives of curiosity, manipulation, motive to remain active and to display affection are examples of
secondary motives.
III. Secondary motives are also called as “stimulus motives”.
(a) Only (I) above
(b) Only (II) above
(c) Only (III) above
(d) Both (II) and (III) above
(e) All (I), (II) and (III) above.
84. An organization offers to train an employee in the appropriate foreign language, customs, culture and political
environment of a country to which the employee is being assigned to undertake the role. Such a measure to
overcome the barrier to cultural adaptation is known as
(a) Compatible assignments
(b) Pre-departure training
(c) Interpersonal skills
(d) The managerial grid
(e) Change agent.
85. In which of the following types of attributions, a person’s behavior is attributed to the internal factors that
characterize the person such as the personality traits of the individual, his motivation or his ability?
(a) Contextual attribution
(b) Defensive attribution
(c) Situational attribution
(d) Stereotyping attribution
(e) Dispositional attribution.
Page 15 of 26
86. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Alderfer’s ERG Theory?
I. Alderfer proposed ERG theory as an extension of Herzberg’s theory and Maslow’s needs hierarchy.
II. Alderfer proposed a continuum of needs, rather than hierarchical levels as proposed by Maslow.
III. According to ERG theory a person’s background or cultural environment may cause the relatedness needs to
predominate over unfulfilled existence needs.
(a) Only (I) above
(b) Only (II) above
(c) Only (III) above
(d) Both (II) and (III) above
(e) All (I), (II) and (III) above.
87. Adaptation to a new culture requires an expatriate manager to overcome several obstacles in the form of differences
at the level of the individual, parochialism, ethnocentrism, cultural distance and culture shock. In this context, which
of the following statements is/are true regarding ethnocentrism?
I. A person who is ethnocentric finds it difficult to adapt to a culture different from his/her own.
II. Having an ethnocentric view makes it easy for a manager to understand the behavior of people from other
cultures.
III. Ethnocentrism is also known as the self-reference criterion.
(a) Only (I) above
(b) Only (II) above
(c) Both (I) and (II) above
(d) Both (I) and (III) above
(e) All (I), (II) and (III) above.
88. Anusha is a manager for the child welfare department in the city government. Her subordinates receive raises and
promotions based on their seniority, rather than on job performance. The employees are social workers who
investigate allegations of child abuse. Anusha is not a social worker herself. She was transferred to the child welfare
department from another city government position. Anusha is disliked by her subordinates. As a consultant using
Fiedler’s contingency theory of leadership, you would predict that Anusha would be most effective as manager in
this department if she is
(a) Development oriented
(b) Employee oriented
(c) Production oriented
(d) Task oriented
(e) Technical oriented.
89. An employee tells his boss that he could not complete his task because of bad health or that he helped his colleague
complete a priority task. Which of the following characteristics of demotion-preventative strategy is highlighted in
the given context?
(a) Association
(b) Accounts
(c) Apologies
(d) Disassociation
(e) Enhancements.
90. Perceptual selectivity depends on external attention factors and internal set factors. Which of the following does not
come under the external attention factors?
(a) Novelty and familiarity
(b) Intensity
(c) Contrast
(d) Motivation and perception
(e) Motion.
Page 16 of 26
91. Leyton is an advertising executive on the "fast track" in his organization. At 32 years of age, he is already
responsible for major clients and millions of dollars worth of revenue for the firm. With an expensive home, nice
car, and a six-figure income, he is considered a success. Leyton and his wife, Patricia, have two small children at
home, including a newborn. Although Leyton would very much like to spend more time with his family, his
organization doesn’t offer paternity leave. Even if it did, however, Leyton is doubtful he would take advantage of
the policy. Employees are expected to routinely work 60-70 hours per week. Working fewer hours in order to spend
time with family is perceived negatively by senior management. As a result, Leyton and his wife spend very little
time together. However, nobody who has a "family life" gets ahead. In which of the following culture is Leyton
working?
(a) Individualism
(b) Power distance
(c) Masculinity
(d) Uncertainty avoidance
(e) Feminity.
92. A bank clerk is noticed to be taking longer than average time to process transactions. Her supervisor responds by
coaching her more intensively. The clerk had a new baby at home and wasn’t getting much sleep. This is an
example of what kind of perceptual problem?
(a) Attribution
(b) Perceptual defense
(c) Perceptual context
(d) Figure-ground
(e) Perceptual constancy.
93. Certain characteristics of the perceiver as well as the perceived play a role in influencing social perception. Which
of the following is not a characteristic that influences the perceptions of an individual (perceiver)?
(a) An individual who has a high self-esteem is more likely to perceive favorable aspects in others as well
(b) If an individual understands his own personality well, it becomes easier for him or her to understand others
accurately
(c) How accurately an individual perceives others is based on not just a single skill but involves many other
skills
(d) The way a person is perceived, is greatly influenced by the visible traits of the person
(e) Personal characteristics of an individual may affect the way he perceives others.
94. Which of the following occurs in response to dramatic difference in language, customs and cultural orientations?
(a) Ethnocentrism
(b) Parochialism
(c) Cultural distance
(d) Cultural shock
(e) Bigotry.
95. “I don’t like Jon because he discriminates against minorities.” This statement refers to which component of an
attitude?
(a) Socialist component
(b) Cognitive component
(c) Conventional component
(d) Affective component
(e) Behavioral component.
96. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding social perception?
I. Social perception is the study of how an individual gets to know other individuals.
II. The primary factors that affect social perception are related to psychological processes, such as attribution
made by people, stereotyping and the halo effect.
III. Halo effect explains the reasons of the cause for an individual’s behavior, stereotyping and attribution are
problems associated with social perception.
(a) Only (I) above
(b) Only (II) above
(c) Both (I) and (II) above
(d) Both (II) and (III) above
(e) All (I), (II) and (III) above.
Page 17 of 26
97. The perceived fairness of the manner in which rewards are offered, both in terms of the quantity of the reward
received by the individual as well as in terms of the distribution of rewards between individuals, is referred to as
(a) Valence
(b) Distributive justice
(c) Validity
(d) Punctuated equilibrium model
(e) Outcome orientation.
98. Pratap is the team leader for ICICI bank credit cards marketing department. His job includes assigning targets to his
team members and helping them in attaining the targets. This job needs patience and capability. His manager always
assigns him the targets which are highly impossible to complete in the given time. Even then, he readily accepts those
tasks openly without any other thought and more over is never worried about the target date. Which of the following
personality trait does Pratap demonstrate?
(a) Extraversion
(b) Openness to experience
(c) Risk taking
(d) Conscientiousness
(e) Emotional stability.
99. Lower-level and middle-level managers will probably experience higher managerial motivation and performance
when their combination of needs consists of
(a) Equal high need for affiliation, achievement, and power
(b) High need for power and lower need for affiliation, and achievement
(c) High need for achievement and lower need for affiliation and power
(d) A high need for achievement and power and lower need for affiliation
(e) Equal low need for affiliation, achievement and power.
100. Ben Barringer has been receiving substantial pressure from the members of his work team to remain with the
Omega Computer Inc. despite enticing offers from other companies. Ben has decided to remain with Omega mostly
due to the encouragement of his fellow workers. It can be stated that Ben has experienced
(a) Social commitment
(b) Affective commitment
(c) Coercive commitment
(d) Normative commitment
(e) Continuance commitment.
END OF QUESTION PAPER
Page 18 of 26
Suggested Answers
Organizational Behavior – I (MB1B1): January 2009
Answer Reason
1. E In the role of an entrepreneur, they seek to improve an organization’s
performance by initiating new projects and monitoring their progress. Here, they
have to select the project which they plan to implement.
< TOP >
2. D The reengineering approach seeks to improve quality and productivity by
bringing about radical changes in the business process, unlike the TQM approach
that emphasizes on small and continuous improvement.
< TOP >
3. C The cognitive component indicates the opinions, values or beliefs of an
individual about some thing.
< TOP >
4. C Collegial: The basis of collegial model is partnership with a managerial
orientation of teamwork. The employees in turn are oriented towards responsible
behavior and self-discipline.
Autocratic: The basis of autocratic model is power with a managerial orientation
of authority.
Supportive: The basis of supportive model is leadership with a managerial
orientation of support.
Custodial: The basis of custodial model is economic resources with a
managerial orientation of money.
< TOP >
5. D Self-managing team is lead by a team leader who ensures that group performs
well. He also acts as a mentor for the group. The main role of the team leader is
to assist the group obtains obtain inputs from and provide information to, various
parts of the organization. This form of participation requires delegation of
considerable authority and is an ongoing process.
< TOP >
6. B In the maintenance stage, the productivity of an employee reaches its peak and
he feels the need to contribute something to the next generation. He may even act
as a mentor to his subordinates.
< TOP >
7. E The cognitive approach emphasizes too much on psychological process whereas
the behavioristic approach stresses on stimulus, response and consequences.
< TOP >
8. B Consultative management method of participation is informal and brief in nature
and involves the direct participation of employees at a modest level.
< TOP >
9. D In the supportive model of OB the employee that is met is status and recognition. < TOP >
10. C Pavlov’s standard procedure involved a quiet, distraction-free laboratory, which
gave the experimenter full control over events experienced by a lightly restrained
dog. From time to time, the dog was given access to food, and each presentation
was accompanied (usually slightly preceded) by the occurrence of a neutral
event, such as ringing of bell. After several training trials (pairings of bell and
food), the dog would salivate at the ringing of bell, before any food had
appeared. Salivation at the presentation of food is called an unconditioned
response (UR), since it occurs automatically (unconditionally). The food is an
unconditioned stimulus (US). The animal’s tendency to salivate when the light
flashes is conditional on the light having been paired with food, so this is
referred to as a conditioned response (CR) and the event that evokes it as a
conditioned stimulus (CS). The whole training procedure was labeled
conditioning. As other forms of training, introduced later, have also been
described as conditioning, Pavlov’s version became known as classical
conditioning
< TOP >
Page 19 of 26
11. C High Machs flourish
? In jobs that offer substantial rewards for the achievement of goals
? When they interact face to face with others
? In jobs that require the use of persuasion skills
Statement (I) is correct in case of people with high self-monitoring.
< TOP >
12. E ‘Removal of apprehensions’ is the pre-requisite for participation, in which
employees are unlikely to participate, even if there is a slightest perceived threat
to their status or position.
< TOP >
13. C In the liaison role, the manager interacts with individuals or groups, inside or
outside the organization.
< TOP >
14. C The job satisfaction that an individual derives from his job depends on the extent
to which outcomes meet his expectations.
< TOP >
15. C Statements (I) and (II) are true.
Multiple-management is a method of improving the participation of the middle
level managers in the decision-making activities of the organization.
Middle-management committees give a junior board of directors the
responsibility of understanding and recommending solutions for a particular
problem.
The board members are free to make their own rules and the positions on the
board are held on a rotation basis.
< TOP >
16. E Extraversion refers to the extent to which a person is comfortable with other
people.
< TOP >
17. B One could describe negative reinforcement as a form of social blackmail, which
makes a person behave in a particular manner.
< TOP >
18. E It’s a n unethical behavior to assist employees to carry out practices even though
they conflict with personal beliefs and moral values of employees.
< TOP >
19. E In establishment stage, the employee tries to settle down in his job and interacts
with co-workers to develop a good relationship with them.
< TOP >
20. E All the statements are true.
People experience feeling when they lack the power to control their destiny.
Enhancing the self-efficacy levels of employees makes it possible for employees
to achieve more for themselves and the organization.
Empowerment is one way to raise self-efficacy levels of employees.
< TOP >
21. D Statements (I) and (III) are true about risk-taking personality attribute.
I. People who are highly risk-taking in their behavior make decisions quickly
without searching for much information.
II. Risk-averse people do not make decisions in a hurry and gather a lot of
information before making any decision.
III. In organizations, the suitability of a person’s risk-taking or risk averse
behavior depends on the duties and responsibilities of his job.
< TOP >
22. D The voluntary groups are referred to as quality circles. < TOP >
23. E Option (e) – They try to make the best use of their leisure time and relax without
any feeling of guilt- is a characteristic of Type B personality.
< TOP >
24. E Theory X assumes that employees that they have to be coerced by punishment or
goaded by means of financial rewards to make them work effectively.
< TOP >
25. E The cognitive learning consists of a relationship between cognitive
environmental cues and expectation. This learning of association between the
cue and expectation is termed as Stimulus- stimulus learning.
< TOP >
Page 20 of 26
26. B Initiating structure refers to an individual’s ability to define his own as well as
the subordinates’ tasks and get these tasks accomplished on time. The people
who score high on this dimension will put pressure on their subordinates to meet
deadlines and maintain certain standards of performance.
< TOP >
27. B Social psychology is a field that has provided many useful insights in attitude
change, communication patterns, group processes and group decision-making.
< TOP >
28. B Statements (II) is not true about the characteristics of Argyris’ Immaturity –
Maturity Continuum.
The model can only measure and describe the development of an individual ‘s
personality but cannot predict any specific behavior of the individual.
< TOP >
29. C If an employee is low in ability but high in willingness to perform, the manager
has to use selling type of leadership.
< TOP >
30. D Self monitoring individuals or leaders always take personal interest and
responsibility in the tasks to be accomplished. They will never evade
responsibility. In turn they volunteer to take up additional responsibility.
< TOP >
31. C Only statement (I) is true about ‘Conscientiousness’.
I. People who are very conscientious limit the number of goals they set for
themselves.
II. People who are very conscientious are more organized, responsible and
self-disciplined.
III. Extraversion refers to the extent to which a person is comfortable with
other people.
< TOP >
32. B Statement (II) is not true.
The leadership-participation model is normative.
< TOP >
33. D Associative learning: When a neutral stimulus is combined with another stimulus
that produces a strong reaction, it results in associative learning.
< TOP >
34. C Statements (I) and (IV) are true about Personality.
? Personality should describe a person from a holistic point of view and not
just look at individual aspects of his character.
The physical characteristics of a person are purely hereditary.
The psychological characteristics of a person are partly hereditary and partly
conditioned by the environment.
In an organization, the psychological characteristics of a person are of more
concern than his physical characteristics.
< TOP >
35. B Subprocesses of modeling are:
? Attention
Retention
Motoricreproduction
Reinforcement.
< TOP >
36. B Instrumental or operant conditioning: A type of conditioning in which desired
voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
< TOP >
37. D Rico’s supervisor delegated duties to him which required getting information
from other departments, but he didn’t give him the authority to obtain
information from others. So it resulted in damage. So, his supervisor should give
him both responsibility and authority.
< TOP >
Page 21 of 26
38. B Statement (III) is true about’ Self-esteem’.
I. Machiavellianism refers to the degree to which an individual is practical in
his approach, maintains an emotional distance from others, and believes
that ends justify the means.
II. People who have high self-esteem do not care about pleasing others.
III. People with high self-esteem derive more satisfaction from their jobs than
people with low self-esteem.
< TOP >
39. D The ‘Glass Ceiling Effect’ is a ‘promotion discrimination’ that states
- Artificial barriers that prevent women from moving unto senior
management positions
- Women give greater priority to family than careers
- Women cannot handle challenges at higher levels
- They do not give priority to their ambitions
- Men have better leadership skills than women.
< TOP >
40. B Impression construction refers to the methods adopted by a person to create the
specific impression that he wants. The impression may be related to various
factors such as personal characteristics, attitudes and values.
< TOP >
41. B According to Hersey and Blanchard’s model, the maturity level of the
subordinate plays a major role in influencing the leadership style of the superior.
The managerial grid: The model consists of nine rows and columns. The rows
represent the leader’s concern for production, while columns represent the
concern for people. With nine possible positions on each side, leaders can be
located at any one of a total of 81 positions on this grid.
Fiedler contingency model: The theory that effective groups depend on a proper
match between a leader’s style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to
which the situation gives control and influence to the leader.
Path-goal theory: The theory that it is the leader’s job to assist followers in
attaining their goals and to provide the necessary direction to ensure that their
goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group or organization.
Leader-participation model: A leader theory that provides a set of rules to
determine the form and amount of participative decision making in different
situations.
< TOP >
42. C A multicultural organization can be described as one that:
? It acknowledges the contributions made by various cultural and social
groups and highlights their interests in its mission, operations, and
products or services
? It discourages the practice of any form of social oppression within it
? It includes members of diverse social and cultural groups in the
decision-making process
? It is a socially responsible entity, and supports other institutional
efforts to do away with all forms of social oppression.
Collateral organization: It is a supplemental organization coexisting with the
usual, formal organization.
< TOP >
43. D According to Holland’s typology of personality, a person who prefers verbal
activities where there are opportunities to influence others and attain power is
said to be Enterprising.
< TOP >
44. A Flextime gives more autonomy to employees with respect to their work timings. < TOP >
45. B Affirmative action refers to a set of policies and initiatives designed to eliminate
past and present discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national
origin.
< TOP >
Page 22 of 26
46. C The halo effect: At times, people draw a general impression about an individual
based on a single characteristic, such as intelligence, sociability, aggressiveness,
etc.
< TOP >
47. C ERG theory and Two-Factor theory comes under the content theories of
motivation. The Porter-Lawler model and Expectancy theory comes under the
process theories. Attribution theory comes under the contemporary theory of
work motivation.
< TOP >
48. B Violation of privacy: Because the supervisor had accessed to employees personal
email, which was not addressed to him. In such case they sued the company for
violation of their privacy. Privacy violation issues in West have gained
significant importance in recent years with increased number of cases wherein
employers have access to employees email so as to keep a track of their activities
< TOP >
49. A People who exhibit the 9,1 style of leadership have high concern for production
and low concern for people. This is referred to as authoritarian style of
leadership.
Impoverished style, exhibit no concern for people or for work.
Country club style has high concern for people but low concern for production.
Team management style show high concern for both people and production.
Middle of road management: Adequate organization performance is possible
through balancing the necessity to get out work with maintaining morale of
people at a satisfactory level.
< TOP >
50. C Equity theory states that the degree of equity or inequity perceived by an
employee with reference to his work situation plays a major role in work
performance and satisfaction. Employees generally compare of their outcomeinput
ratio with that of others.
< TOP >
51. E The approaches to manage diversity are
? Creation of family-friendly workplaces.
Providing diversity training to employees.
Developing mentoring programs for employees.
< TOP >
52. A Respondent conditioning - A type of conditioning in which an individual
responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response.
< TOP >
53. C A compressed work week would have four ten-hour days. This kind of
arrangement allows employees to devote considerable time to their family needs.
< TOP >
54. C According to the two-factor theory of motivation, the hygiene factors were
responsible for preventing dissatisfaction and motivators were essential to keep
the employees satisfied.
< TOP >
55. A If an employee is low in his ability to perform as well as willingness to perform,
the manager needs to adopt the telling style, he must constantly give directions to
the employee.
< TOP >
56. A Managers understand their employee’s point of view and thus help them deal
with delicate situations. Such an ability is referred to as ‘Empathy’.
< TOP >
57. E Continuance commitment is influenced by the costs that could accrue to the
employee if he leaves the organization.
< TOP >
58. D In encoding the message of the communication process, the sender selects
appropriate words, charts or other symbols and also decides on the medium of
sending a message.
< TOP >
Page 23 of 26
59. E People with external locus of control believe that their fate is controlled by luck,
chance or external forces.
Self-efficacy refers to a person’s perception of his ability to cope with different
situations as they arise.
Conscientiousness refers to the extent to which a person is responsible and
achievement oriented.
Self-esteem refers to the self-perceived competence and self-image of people.
Authoritarianism is believing that people should obey authority and rules, even
when these are unfair, and even if it means that they lose their personal freedom.
< TOP >
60. C Consensus denotes the extent to which others behave in a similar manner in the
same situation.
< TOP >
61. C Communication that flows from one level of a group or organization to a lower
level is a downward communication. Downward communication doesn’t have to
be oral or face-to-face contact.
< TOP >
62. A Only statement (I) is true.
I. If heredity alone influenced the personality characteristics of an individual,
then it would be impossible to alter an individual’s personality.
II. Both heredity as well as environment are important in shaping the
personality of an individual.
III. Apart from heredity and environment, the situation in which an individual
is can also influence his personality.
< TOP >
63. B Affection or love is a somewhat complex general motive. The complexity arises
due to the fact that love is similar to the primary motives in some ways, while in
some other ways, it resembles secondary motives.
< TOP >
64. C Communication with an organization must follow the shortest and most directed
path.
< TOP >
65. E Group II: A leader after sharing the problem with the subordinates, initiates a
group discussion on alternative solutions, and moderates the discussion till the
group reaches a consensus on the solution to be adopted.
< TOP >
66. E When a person has realized his full potential and is fulfilled, he can be said to
have attained self actualization. These needs are at the highest level in Maslow’s
hierarchy of needs.
< TOP >
67. A Option (a) is true regarding Law of effect which states that responses followed
by pleasant consequence are more likely to be repeated, while responses
followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated
Option (b) - According to classical conditioning, the strength and frequency of
behaviors are determined by environmental events that precedes the behavior.
Option (c) - Halo Effect states that people draw a general impression about an
individual based on a single characteristic.
Option (d) – Impression Management states that the process by which people try
to manage or control the perception of other people.
Option (e) –Equity theory states that employees compare their outcome – input
ratio with that of others.
< TOP >
68. E The main objectives of interactive communication in an organization are:
? Task coordination
Problem solving
Information sharing
Conflict resolution.
< TOP >
Page 24 of 26
69. D Self-outside: The employee compares his experiences in the present position
with the experiences of those holding a similar position in another organization.
< TOP >
70. B Exit interviews are held for employees who are quitting the organization to find
out their reasons for leaving and their suggestions for improving the work place.
< TOP >
71. C ‘Self-efficacy’ refers to the self-perceptions of a person as to how well he/she
can cope with the situations as they arise. People with high Self-efficacy feel
capable and confident of rising up to a situation.
< TOP >
72. B During job rotation, an employee is shifted from one job to another. < TOP >
73. C ‘Situation-person interaction’ represents the first sub-process of perception. < TOP >
74. B Defensiveness is an attempt to intentionally block communication when people
feel that other is threatening their self-image and prestige.
< TOP >
75. C Selective perception: The account lead appears to be drawing an unjustified
conclusion from an unclear situation. This comes under the perceptual set in the
work place.
< TOP >
76. E Supportive: The leader attempts to address the needs and problems of his
subordinates.
< TOP >
77. C Perceptual context is the most advanced form of perceptual organization and
provides meaning and value to objects, events, situation and other people in the
environment.
< TOP >
78. D Carries 100% true information is not a feature of grapevine communication. < TOP >
79. D When did you feel particularly good about your job – What turned you on and
When did you feel exceptionally bad about your job – What turned you off are
the two questions asked by Herzberg to the responded in his two factor theory of
hygiene and motivation.
< TOP >
80. C Similarity: The greater the similarity of the stimuli, the more they are likely to
be perceived as a common group. Such grouping by similarity causes problems
of stereotyping.
< TOP >
81. B Management is open to solve the grievances without red-tapism which is called
as Open door policy.
< TOP >
82. E No access to recreation facilities or e-mailing system for a week is the examples
of punishment. So this comes under the punishment.
< TOP >
83. D Statement (II) and (III) are not true about secondary motives.
A secondary motive is a motive that has been learned or acquired over time.
The motives of curiosity, manipulation, motive to remain active and to display
affection are examples of general motives.
General motives are also called as “stimulus motives”.
< TOP >
84. B An organization offers to train an employee in the appropriate foreign language,
customs, culture and political environment of a country to which the employee is
being assigned to undertake the role. Such a measure to overcome the barrier to
cultural adaptation is known as predeparture training.
< TOP >
85. E Generally, there are two types of attributions made by people- dispositional
attributions and situational attributions. In dispositional attribution, a person’s
behavior is attributed to the internal factors that characterize the person such as
the personality traits of the individual, his motivation or his ability.
< TOP >
86. E All the statements are true about ERG Theory. < TOP >
Page 25 of 26
87. C Statements (I) and (III) are true about ethnocentrism
I. A person who is ethnocentric finds it difficult to adapt to a culture different
from his own.
II. Having an ethnocentric view makes it difficult for a manager to understand
the behavior of people from other cultures.
III. Ethnocentrism is also known as the self-reference criterion.
< TOP >
88. D Task orientation refers to the degree to which the task on hand can be performed
efficiently by following a particular method. The other options do not come
under the Fielder’s contingency model.
< TOP >
89. B Accounts: The employee attempts to justify the occurrence of a negative
outcome by giving excuses.
< TOP >
90. D Factors such as intensity, size, contrast, repetition, motion, novelty and
familiarity of objects and situations comprise external attention factors.
Motivation and perception comes under the internal set factors.
< TOP >
91. C The "masculine" side of cultural dimension refers to cultures that have clear
gender role divisions. Assertiveness and competition are valued. "Feminine"
cultures are more tolerant of a wider distribution of roles relatively independent
of one's gender. Caring for others, relationships, and quality of life are valued.
Several factors indicate that Leyton is working in a culture that is closer to the
masculine side of the continuum. Success is defined by one's possessions and
income. (Leyton's home, car, and six-figure income qualify him as a success
according to this definition.) Additionally, work roles are structured such that he
contributes very little time to caring for his children, or maintaining a quality
relationship with his wife. In general, evidence indicates that workers of
relatively more masculine cultures (as defined by Hofstede) tend to experience
more job stress and conflict between job and family roles. In relatively more
feminine cultures workers report less stress and less role conflict.
< TOP >
92. A The way in which people explain the cause of their own or other’s behavior is
referred to as attribution.
< TOP >
93. D Certain characteristics of the person being perceived also play a role in
influencing social perception. This includes the way a person is perceived, is
greatly influenced by the visible traits of the person.
< TOP >
94. D People face many difficulties while adopting to other social cultures and
customs. They typically go through a series of phases when they arrive in a
foreign country. In the first phase they are generally excited and stimulated by
the challenge of a new job, home and culture. The second phase is the
disillusionment phase. In the third phase, they undergo a cultural shock where
they experience insecurity and disorientation after facing the different
dimensions of a new culture.
< TOP >
95. D Attitudes consist of three components – cognitive, affective and behavioral. The
cognitive component indicates the opinions, values or beliefs of an individual
about something. The affective component represents the feelings of a person
towards something. The behavioral component of a person indicates the intention
of a person to behave in a particular way.
< TOP >
96. C Statements (I) and (II) are true about social perception.
Social perception is the study of how an individual gets to know other
individuals.
The primary factors that affect social perception are related to psychological
processes, such as attribution made by people, stereotyping and the halo effect.
Attribution theory explains the reasons or the cause for an individual’s behavior,
stereotyping and the halo effect are problems associated with social perception.
< TOP >
97. B The perceived fairness of the manner in which rewards are offered, both in terms
of the quantity of the reward received by the individual as well as in terms of the
distribution or rewards between individuals, is referred as distributive justice.
< TOP >
Page 26 of 26
98. E Emotional stability determines an individual’s ability to withstand stress.
Individuals who have positive emotional stability feel emotionally secure and
tend to be calm. They are enthusiastic about their work and are capable of
withstanding the tensions and pressures of a job.
< TOP >
99. D Lower and middle-level managers will probably experience higher managerial
motivation and performance when their combination of needs consists of a high
need for achievement and power and lower need for affiliation.
< TOP >
100. D Normative commitment refers to the extent to which an employee feels obligated
to continue in the organization.
Affective commitment is concerned with the employee’s emotional
attachment and involvement with the organization.
Continuance commitment is influenced by the costs that could accrue
to the employee if he leaves the organization.
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